- Semiconductor Devices Tutorial
- Semiconductor Devices - Home
- Introduction
- Atomic Combinations
- Conduction in Solid Materials
- Conductivity & Mobility
- Types of Semiconductor
- Doping in Semiconductors
- Junction Diodes
- Depletion Zone
- Barrier Potential
- Junction Biasing
- Leakage Current
- Diode Characteristics
- Light Emitting Diode
- Zener Diode
- Photo Diode
- Photovoltaic Cells
- Varactor Diode
- Bipolar Transistors
- Construction of a Transistor
- Transistor Biasing
- Configuration of Transistors
- Field Effect Transistors
- JFET Biasing
- Semiconductor Devices - MOSFET
- Operational Amplifiers
- Practical Op-Amps
- Semiconductor Devices - Integrator
- Differentiator
- Oscillators
- Feedback & Compensation
- Semiconductor Devices Resources
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- Semiconductor Devices - Resources
- Semiconductor Devices - Discussion
Semiconductor Devices - Practical Op-Amps
Inverting Amplifier
The following figure shows an inverting amplifier. The input signal is amplified and inverted. This is the most widely used constant-gain amplifier circuit.
Vo = -Rf.Vin /R1
Voltage gain A = (-Rf /R1)
Non-Inverting Amplifier
The following figure shows an op-amp circuit that works as a non-inverting amplifier or constant-gain multiplier and it has better frequency stability.
The input signal is amplified but it is not inverted.
Output Vo = [(R1 + Rf) / R1] V1
Voltage gain A = (R1 + Rf) / R1
Inverting Summing Amplifier
The following figure shows an inverting summing amplifier. It is the most used circuit of the op-amp. The circuit shows a three-input summing amplifier, which provides a means of algebraically summing three voltages, each multiplied by a constant-gain factor. The output voltage is expressed as,
Vo = [(-R4 / R1) V1][(-R4 / R2) V2][(-R4 / R3) V3]
Vo = -R4(V1 / R1 + V2 / R2 + V3 / R3)
If, R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = R & Rs = R/3
Vo = -(V1 + V2 + V3)
