- C Programming Tutorial
- C - Home
- C - Overview
- C - Features
- C - History
- C - Environment Setup
- C - Program Structure
- C - Hello World
- C - Compilation Process
- C - Comments
- C - Tokens
- C - Keywords
- C - Identifiers
- C - User Input
- C - Basic Syntax
- C - Data Types
- C - Variables
- C - Integer Promotions
- C - Type Conversion
- C - Booleans
- C - Constants
- C - Literals
- C - Escape sequences
- C - Format Specifiers
- C - Storage Classes
- C - Operators
- C - Arithmetic Operators
- C - Relational Operators
- C - Logical Operators
- C - Bitwise Operators
- C - Assignment Operators
- C - Unary Operators
- C - Increment and Decrement Operators
- C - Ternary Operator
- C - sizeof Operator
- C - Operator Precedence
- C - Misc Operators
- C - Decision Making
- C - if statement
- C - if...else statement
- C - nested if statements
- C - switch statement
- C - nested switch statements
- C - Loops
- C - While loop
- C - For loop
- C - Do...while loop
- C - Nested loop
- C - Infinite loop
- C - Break Statement
- C - Continue Statement
- C - goto Statement
- C - Functions
- C - Main Functions
- C - Function call by Value
- C - Function call by reference
- C - Nested Functions
- C - Variadic Functions
- C - User-Defined Functions
- C - Callback Function
- C - Return Statement
- C - Recursion
- C - Scope Rules
- C - Static Variables
- C - Global Variables
- C - Arrays
- C - Properties of Array
- C - Multi-Dimensional Arrays
- C - Passing Arrays to Function
- C - Return Array from Function
- C - Variable Length Arrays
- C - Pointers
- C - Pointers and Arrays
- C - Applications of Pointers
- C - Pointer Arithmetics
- C - Array of Pointers
- C - Passing Pointers to Functions
- C - Strings
- C - Array of Strings
- C - Structures
- C - Structures and Functions
- C - Arrays of Structures
- C - Pointers to Structures
- C - Self-Referential Structures
- C - Nested Structures
- C - Unions
- C - Bit Fields
- C - Typedef
- C - Input & Output
- C - File I/O
- C - Preprocessors
- C - Header Files
- C - Type Casting
- C - Error Handling
- C - Variable Arguments
- C - Memory Management
- C - Command Line Arguments
- C Programming Resources
- C - Questions & Answers
- C - Quick Guide
- C - Useful Resources
- C - Discussion
C - Strings
Strings are actually one-dimensional array of characters terminated by a null character '\0'. Thus a null-terminated string contains the characters that comprise the string followed by a null.
The following declaration and initialization create a string consisting of the word "Hello". To hold the null character at the end of the array, the size of the character array containing the string is one more than the number of characters in the word "Hello."
char greeting[6] = {'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '\0'};
If you follow the rule of array initialization then you can write the above statement as follows −
char greeting[] = "Hello";
Following is the memory presentation of the above defined string in C/C++ −
Actually, you do not place the null character at the end of a string constant. The C compiler automatically places the '\0' at the end of the string when it initializes the array. Let us try to print the above mentioned string −
#include <stdio.h> int main () { char greeting[6] = {'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '\0'}; printf("Greeting message: %s\n", greeting ); return 0; }
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result −
Greeting message: Hello
C supports a wide range of functions that manipulate null-terminated strings −
Sr.No. | Function & Purpose |
---|---|
1 | strcpy(s1, s2); Copies string s2 into string s1. |
2 | strcat(s1, s2); Concatenates string s2 onto the end of string s1. |
3 | strlen(s1); Returns the length of string s1. |
4 | strcmp(s1, s2); Returns 0 if s1 and s2 are the same; less than 0 if s1<s2; greater than 0 if s1>s2. |
5 | strchr(s1, ch); Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of character ch in string s1. |
6 | strstr(s1, s2); Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of string s2 in string s1. |
The following example uses some of the above-mentioned functions −
#include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> int main () { char str1[12] = "Hello"; char str2[12] = "World"; char str3[12]; int len ; /* copy str1 into str3 */ strcpy(str3, str1); printf("strcpy( str3, str1) : %s\n", str3 ); /* concatenates str1 and str2 */ strcat( str1, str2); printf("strcat( str1, str2): %s\n", str1 ); /* total lenghth of str1 after concatenation */ len = strlen(str1); printf("strlen(str1) : %d\n", len ); return 0; }
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result −
strcpy( str3, str1) : Hello strcat( str1, str2): HelloWorld strlen(str1) : 10
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