Is it possible to make an insert or an update in the same MySQL query?

Yes, use ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE. Let us first create a table −

mysql> create table DemoTable(Id int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, Number int);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.83 sec)

Insert some records in the table using insert command −

mysql> insert into DemoTable values(1,190) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE Number=Number+10;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.19 sec)
mysql> insert into DemoTable values(2,130) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE Number=Number+10;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.19 sec)
mysql> insert into DemoTable values(1,190) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE Number=Number+10;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.14 sec)
mysql> insert into DemoTable values(2,130) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE Number=Number+10;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.17 sec)

Display all records from the table using select statement −

mysql> select *from DemoTable;

This will produce the following output. We have inserted and updated records in the same query −

+----+--------+
| Id | Number |
+----+--------+
| 1  | 200    |
| 2  | 140    |
+----+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)