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Difference between Diamagnetism, Paramagnetism, and Ferromagnetism
In order to differentiate the diamagnetism, paramagnetism, and ferromagnetism, first we need to understand, the concept of magnetism and diamagnetism, paramagnetism and ferromagnetism individually.
Concept of Magnetism
Electrons exhibit two types of angular momenta − Orbital Angular Momenta and Spin Angular Momenta . The orbital angular momentum is a property of electrons when they are in atoms while the spin angular momentum is an intrinsic property of electrons. With these angular momenta, a magnetic moment is associated. That magnetic moment is a property which causes the electrons to experience a force, when they are placed in a magnetic field.
The orbital magnetic moment (µL) is given by,
$$\mathrm{µ_{L}=-g_{L}(\frac{e}{2m_{e}})L}$$
Where,
- L = orbital angular momentum of electrons,
- e = charge of electron,
- me = mass of electron.
The spin magnetic moment (µS) is given by,
$$\mathrm{µ_{s}=-g_{s}(\frac{e}{2m_{e}})s}$$
Where,
- S = spin angular momentum of electrons,
- e = charge of electron,
- me = mass of electron.
Diamagnetism
The diamagnetism is the weakest magnetism of the three different types of magnetism. In the diamagnetic materials, the electrons cancel the magnetic moment of each other. When a diamagnetic material is placed under the influence of an external magnetic field, the material produces a magnetic field that opposes the external magnetic field. Due to this opposition, the material is repelled by the external magnetic field.
Paramagnetism
In the paramagnetic materials, the atoms have unpaired electrons and the magnetic moment of individual electrons cannot completely cancel out. Thus, the atoms have some magnetic moment that is aligned in random directions, so the paramagnetic material as a whole does not exhibit magnetism.
However, if a paramagnetic material is placed in an external magnetic field, then the magnetic moments of individual atom are aligned with the external field. This causes the material to become magnetised. Hence, the magnetic field produced by the paramagnetic materials directed in the same direction as the external magnetic field. The paramagnetic materials exhibit magnetism only as long as they are under the influence of external magnetic field. If the external magnetic field is vanished, the paramagnetic material loses its magnetism.
Ferromagnetism
In the ferromagnetic materials, the atoms have unpaired electrons, so each atom has a resultant magnetic moment. The magnetic moment of nearby atoms have a tendency to become aligned. These nearby atoms create different regions in the material that are called domains, where the magnetic moments of individual atom are aligned.
However, the magnetic moments of different domains may still directed in different directions. When a ferromagnetic material is placed inside an external magnetic field, the different domains of the material align along the external magnetic field. Even, when the external magnetic field is switched off, the ferromagnetic material retains its magnetism.
Now at this point, we are able to distinguish the tree types of magnetisms viz. diamagnetism, paramagnetism and ferromagnetism.
Difference between Diamagnetism, Paramagnetism and Ferromagnetism
As from the above discussion, the diamagnetism, paramagnetism and ferromagnetism refer to how the different types of materials respond to an external magnetic field.
The diamagnetism denotes a type of magnetism that opposes the external magnetic field and vanishes when the external field is switched off.
The Paramagnetism refers a type of magnetism that produces a magnetic field in the direction of the external magnetic field and vanishes when the external field is removed.
The ferromagnetism denotes a type of magnetism that creates a magnetic field in the direction of the external magnetic field and does not disappear when the external magnetic field is removed.
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