Introduction The institution of the Caliphate was established in the year 632, after the death of Muhammad. After the death of Muhammad, there was no well-defined system for succession. The power was transferred to Ummah, and many new inventions started for the succession of Muhammad. The major innovation was the ... Read More

Introduction After the death of the prophet Muhammad (the last messenger of Islam) in 632 AD, the authority of the Muslim world came into the hands of the Rashidun caliphate, the four Rashidun caliphate Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali ruled the Muslim world for 30 years. After various political ... Read More

Introduction At the beginning of the 16th century, the population gradually grew up and people required more food and shelter. Seeing the rise in population, kings decided to occupy more land and make forest areas habitable and suitable for agriculture. People in Bengal began moving from the less fertile regions ... Read More

Introduction Pastorals are the nomads or shepherds who travelled from one place to another in search of food and shelter. They have a very long history and modifications in their living style. In the beginning their main occupation was herding and pastoralism. Generally, they live in a particular area like ... Read More

Introduction A person who chooses herding and guarding sheep as their occupation is known as Pastoral. Pastoralism is one of the oldest occupations in the world, it is the most popular part of animal husbandry in the world. Pastoral is an important part of the economy. Unlike farmers, Pastoral workers ... Read More

Introduction The concept of modernization refers to the transition of traditional and primitive societies into modern ones in terms of urbanization, secularization, and industrialization. It is a continuous process. As far as modernization in Korea is concerned, South Korea witnessed astonishing economic development via highly structured industrialization. Innovation and technology ... Read More

Introduction China has seen substantial transformation in the nineteenth century, as well as a more recent phase of fast modernisation that began in the 1980s. Appropriately, , there have been notable social, cultural, and economic changes that have an impact on Chinese people's daily life. Modernization is a necessary and ... Read More

Introduction The diversification across India in different sectors like music, culture, religion, regions, beliefs, etc is just unmatchable. And one of the aspects of our diversity lies in the dance forms prevalent across Bharat. Presently there are eight major classical dance forms in India- Bharatnatyam, Kuchipudi, Kathak, Kathakali, Odissi, Sattriya, ... Read More

Introduction Hunter-gather societies refer to the primitive group of people. When humans evolved on Earth, they did not know how to produce food, therefore, they used to feed themselves with things in their ways such as plants, fruit, and animals. Hence, they came to be called “hunter-gatherers”. The coming of ... Read More

Introduction From the late 12th century, the city-states in Italy started to grow and there were many changes seen in society. Italy became the first country to have universities in Europe. It became a hub for culture and education. Some famous centres for education were the University of Bologna and ... Read More