Introduction Genetic mutations are the changes in the DNA sequences which mainly take place during the time of cell division. During the time of cell copies, the total process happens. DNA of a body symbolizes the formation as well as the function of a body. Genetic mutations also lead to ... Read More

Introduction In the field of genetics, mutagen can be physical, chemical or biological agents present in the genetic material of an organism, to be precise in the DNA. The presence of these products is responsible for enhancing the rate of mutations in the cells. These mutations are often harmful to ... Read More

Introduction Indian mustard mainly belongs to the group of Cruciferae or Brassicaceae. It has a botanical name that can be denoted as Brassica Juncea. Mustard also has various other names including Chinese Mustard, Brown Mustard, and Oriental Mustard. Mustard is mainly cultivated due to its economic importance across the world. ... Read More

Introduction Microbiology is the study of different microbes such as bacteria, viruses, slime molds, fungi, and protozoans. Microbes can be unicellular, multicellular, or acellular. The study of microorganisms that modify, colonize, contaminate or process food is known as food microbiology. History of Food Microbiology Food history varies with culture, ... Read More

Introduction Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) is another genetic material that is found in living organisms. It is a single-stranded polymer of nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a ribose sugar moiety, a nitrogen base, and a phosphate group. Nitrogen bases are Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil which are joined to the sugar by ... Read More

Introduction Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are considered as the most important nucleic acids and this has been confirmed by many biologists. The nucleotide is the basic structural constitution of nucleic acid i.e. DNA and RNA. In RNA interference the small piece of RNA shut down the protein ... Read More

Introduction The word rigor mortis is made up of two words- ‘Rigor’ means ‘stiffening’ or ‘hardening’ and ‘mortis’ means ‘mortality’. It is a part of the process that takes place after death and can help to determine the time of death. What is Rigor mortis?Rigor mortis is the condition after ... Read More

What are Restriction Enzymes? Restriction enzymes are one of the biological tools that are used for the synthesis of recombinant DNA. Restriction enzymes are isolated from the bacteria and are protein in nature. They recognize a short, specific nucleotide sequence and cleave the DNA at that specific site, which is ... Read More

Introduction Respiration is the process of getting oxygen into the body from the outer environment and relieving carbon dioxide from the body to the outer environment. These gases play an important role in physiological processes. The ratio of carbon dioxide released to the oxygen absorbed is called the Respiratory Quotient, ... Read More

Introduction Muscles are made up of elastic tissue. In the human body, more than six hundred muscles are present. Thousands of muscle fibers constitute elastic tissues. Muscle strength depends on the presence of fibers. These muscles work together with the nerve fibers to do all voluntary and involuntary functions of ... Read More