Introduction Bernoulli’s principle can be underst ood it with a simple explanation that when fluid goes from a high-diameter pipe to a low-diameter duct, the speed of the fluid increases many times. Yes, it is true, but is it that simple? Not at all. This principle is quite complex, with ... Read More

Introduction Coefficient of performance, or COP, is a number that indicates how efficient the heat pump, air conditioning system, or refrigerator is. Heat pumps (heating systems) are characterized by a coefficient of performance that is defined as a ratio between energy delivered to the hot reservoir and work input. As ... Read More

Introduction  Bipolar junction transistor is a semiconducting device. Silicon or Germanium are the two semiconductors used in Bipolar junction transistors. Three layers formed in between the two P-N junctions. They are named emitter, base, and collector. Emitter layer represented as E Collector layer represented as C Base layer ... Read More

Introduction Biogas energy is obtained from biomass through physical and chemical process. The Law of energy conservation says that - Total energy during any chemical or physical process for an isolated system is always conserved. It means it doesn’t increase or reduce but merely changes its form. But we often ... Read More

Introduction Chromatic aberration is an optical lens related problem. Light is electromagnetic radiation and is the only part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. A lens is an optical device designed in such a way that the light that falls on it bends while it ... Read More

Introduction Conditions for interference are one of the most important concepts of wave optics. The phenomena of light, reflection, and refraction can be explained only on the basis of wave optics. The direction in which the light propagates in the form of a wave is indicated by the light screen ... Read More

Introduction Compound microscope is an optical instrument used to observe microscopic objects. The scientific study of microscopic objects is called microscopy. Early microscopes had only one lens. Hence, they are now called ordinary microscopes. Compound microscopes contain at least two lenses. In 1590 Hans Janssen and his son Zacharias Janssen ... Read More

Introduction We all might have noticed that it takes a long time for the honey to reach the mouth of the bottle when the honey bottle is about to empty. Such liquid behaviour in the flow possesses some internal property which is explained by the term viscosity. It is the ... Read More

Introduction Conductors in electrostatic equilibrium places a major role in shielding objects electrostatically. The movement of protons, electrons, as well as other subatomic particles within material results in the transfer of electric charge from one place to the next, thereby creating an electric current that flows through the substance. The ... Read More

Introduction Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) is an Integrated circuit (IC). In the 1970s, an integrated circuit (IC) chip could only contain up to 10, 000 transistors, and transistor feature lengths were over 1 m. For instance, the Motorola 6800 CPU has just 4100 transistors and a 6.0 m feature ... Read More