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Articles by Nizamuddin Siddiqui
Page 51 of 196
What is the shortest way to round to the integer value in R?
The shortest way to round to the integer value is using trunc function. The trunc function is used to return the largest integer that is smaller than or equal to the actual value, that means it rounds downs to the nearest integer. It works as a ceiling function for negative number and floor function for positive number.Examplex1
Read MoreHow to perform tukey HSD in base R?
First thing you must remember while moving on to post hoc analysis is the null hypothesis of the analysis of variance must be rejected, so that we can claim there exists a difference in the group means. Now, once we achieve that the tukey HSD can be performed simply by using TukeyHSD function in base R.ExampleConsider the below data frame −x1
Read MoreHow to combine vectors of equal length into a list with corresponding elements representing a single element of the list in R?
To combine three vectors into a list with corresponding elements representing a single element of the list we can use mapply function. For example, if we have three vectors x, y, and z each having number of elements equal to one-hundred then the list with corresponding elements can be created by using mapply(c,x,y,z,SIMPLIFY=FALSE).Examplex1
Read MoreHow to find percentile rank for groups in an R data frame?
The word percentile means the percentage that falls below or above the percentile value. For example, if we have a value that lies at 50th percentile then we would say 50 percent of the values lies below or above that value. The value 50 here is called the percentile rank. To find the percentile rank for groups in an R data frame, we can use mutate function of dplyr package.ExampleConsider the below data frame −Group
Read MoreHow to create three-dimensional arrays of different sizes in R?
A three-dimensional array can have matrices of different size and they are not necessarily to be square or rectangular. Also, all the elements in an array are of same data type. To create a three-dimensional array of different size we would need to use the proper number of rows and columns within the array function.ExampleA1
Read MoreHow to add a row in an R data frame at a specific place?
The data collected for the first time is utilised as it is but when we need to go for secondary data to conduct the same or similar study again, we can use new data as well as the primary data. In this type of situations, we might want to randomly organize data rows that includes new and old data. Also, there is a possibility of missing data row which is found at later stage in the study then it can be also added. Hence, a row might be required to added in the existing data frame. This can be done ...
Read MoreHow to increase the space between horizontal legends using ggplot2 in R?
Generally, the space between two legend entries is not large enough and it becomes difficult to read the legend names if the names are long. In this case, we need to increase the margin between the legend entries/names but this would be required when the legends are horizontally aligned as vertical legends can be read as it is. For this purpose, we can use legend.text argument inside theme function of ggplot2 package.ExampleConsider the below data frame −> x y df dfOutput x y 1 Male 501 2 Female 520Loading ggplot2 package ...
Read MoreHow to create a plot in base R with tick marks but excluding axes lines?
To create a plot with tick marks but without axes lines, we first need to create the plot without axes and then add the tick marks. This can be done with the help of plot function and axis function in base R. The axis function will help us to decide where do we need the tick marks and the ticks.Example1> plot(1:10,axes=FALSE) > axis(1,c(1:10),col=NA,col.ticks=1)OutputExample2> x xOutput[1] 5 2 1 2 1Example> plot(x,axes=FALSE) > axis(1,c(1:5),col=NA,col.ticks=1)Output
Read MoreHow to convert a matrix into a color matrix in R?
To convert a matrix into a color matrix, we can make use of image function. There are multiple ways for assigning the colors but the easiest one might be by defining the minimum and maximum value in the matrix. Also, we can do this by using the shades of a single color as shown in the example 3.Example1> M1 M1Output [, 1] [, 2] [, 3] [, 4] [, 5] [1, ] 6 3 5 4 3 [2, ] 9 4 5 2 5 [3, ] 3 2 6 ...
Read MoreHow to plot the confidence interval of the regression model using ggplot2 with transparency in R?
To plot the confidence interval of the regression model, we can use geom_ribbon function of ggplot2 package but by default it will have dark grey color. It can become transparent with the help of alpha argument inside the same function, the alpha argument can be adjusted as per our requirement but the most recommended value by me is 0.2.ExampleConsider the below data frame −> x y df dfOutput x y 1 22.67102 29.37057 2 21.59415 29.54027 3 20.56817 28.27672 4 24.97228 31.38193 5 21.41651 31.86811 6 23.94699 ...
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