To change the outlines color of histogram bars using ggplot2, we can use col argument inside geom_histogram function of ggplot2 package.For Example, if we have a data frame called df that contains a column say X then we can create the histogram of X with different outline color of bars ... Read More

To find the ID wise frequency in an R data frame, we can use summarise function of dplyr package after defining the ID with group_by function, also the column for which we want to find the frequency will be placed inside group_by function.Check out the below examples to understand how ... Read More

To find the standard deviation for every n number of observations in an R data frame, we can use rollapply function of zoo package.For Example, if we have a data frame called df that contains a column say X containing 100 values then we can create a column with standard ... Read More

To find the mean of all columns by group, we can use summarise_all function along with mean function after defining the groups with group_by. For example, if we have a data frame called df that contains a grouping column say G and some numerical columns then we can find the ... Read More

To find the mean of every n values in an R vector, we would first need to convert the vector into matrix with number of rows based for n values then we can use colMeans function.For example, if we have a vector called X that contains hundred values then we ... Read More

To change the border color of box of a base R plot, we can use box function with col argument where we can pass the color other than black because black is the default color. We first need to create the plot using plot function and then box function will ... Read More

To find the most frequent factor value in an R data frame column, we can use names function with which.max function after creating the table for the particular column. This might be required while doing factorial analysis and we want to know which factor occurs the most.Check out the below ... Read More

To extract the first row of each matrix stored in a list in R, we can use lapply function. For example, if we have a list called LIST that contains some matrices then we can find the first row of each matrix by using the command given below − lapply(LIST, ... Read More

To extract the outliers of a boxplot, we can use out function along with the boxplot function. For example, if we have a vector called X which contains some outliers then we can extract those outliers by using the command given below − boxplot(df$X, plot=FALSE)$outThis command will not create a ... Read More

Sometimes missing values are coded and when we perform analysis without replacing those missing values the result of the analysis becomes a little difficult to interpret, especially it is difficult to understand by first time readers.Therefore, we might want to remove rows that contains coded missing values. For this purpose, ... Read More