There are different ways to express any chart. The more information we can provide in a chart, the better it is because a picture says thousand words. Since nobody likes to read a long-reports, we should have better reporting of charts. Therefore, we can add a chart title as well ... Read More

There are times when duplicated rows in a data frame are required, mainly they are used to extend the data size instead of collecting the raw data. This saves our time but surely it will have some biasedness, which is not recommended. Even though it is not recommended but sometimes ... Read More

Sometimes subsetting of group wise maximum values is required while doing the data analysis and this subset of the data frame is used for comparative analysis. The main objective is to compare these maximums with each other or with a threshold value. In R, we can find the group wise ... Read More

It is very difficult to join points on a scatterplot with smooth lines if the scatteredness is high but we might want to look at the smoothness that cannot be understood by just looking at the points. It is also helpful to understand whether the model is linear or not. ... Read More

The standard error of mean is the standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size. The easiest way to find the standard error of mean is using the formula to find its value.Example> set.seed(1)We will find the standard errors for a normal random variable, sequence of numbers ... Read More

The inverse of a matrix can be calculated in R with the help of solve function, most of the times people who don’t use R frequently mistakenly use inv function for this purpose but there is no function called inv in base R to find the inverse of a matrix.ExampleConsider ... Read More

In research, sometimes we get a count of zero for a particular level of a factor variable but we might want to plot that in the bar plot so that anyone who look at the plot can easily understand what is missing and compare all the factor levels. In ggplot2, ... Read More

Matrix data is sometimes need to be saved as table in text files, the reason behind this is storage capacity of text files. But when we save a matrix as text files in R, the column names are misplaced therefore we need to take care of those names and it ... Read More

In data analysis, we deal with many variables at a time and we want to visualize the histogram of these variables at a time. This helps us to understand the distribution of each variable in the data set, therefore we can apply the appropriate technique to deal with those variables. ... Read More

In predictive modeling, we get so many variables in our data set and we want to visualize the relationship among these variables at a time. This helps us to understand how one variable changes with the other, and on the basis of that we can use the better modeling technique. ... Read More