When we create a bar graph using ggplot2, the color of the bars is dark grey but it can be changed to different colors or we can also give different shades of grey to them. This will be helpful if we are plotting a pattern of categorical data. For example, ... Read More

In base R, the barplot function easily creates a barplot but if the number of bars is large or we can say that if the categories we have for X-axis are large then some of the X-axis labels are not shown in the plot. Therefore, if we want them in ... Read More

Every month have common dates except few such as February do not have 30 or 31 and even 29 in some years and there are months that contain 30 days while some contains 31 days. Therefore, finding a date say the first date, a middle date, or a last date ... Read More

We know that, R is a case sensitive programming language, hence matching strings of different case is not simple. For example, if a vector contains tutorialspoint and the other contains TUTORIALSPOINT then to check whether the strings match or not, we cannot use match function directly. To do this, we ... Read More

When we perform a t test in R and the difference between two groups is very large then the p-value of the test is printed as 2.2e – 16 which is a printing behaviour of R for hypothesis testing procedures. The actual p-value can be extracted by using the t ... Read More

Sometimes we want to combine column values of two columns to create a new column. This is mostly used when we have a unique column that maybe combined with a numerical or any other type of column. Also, we can do this by separating the column values that is going ... Read More

Gridlines are the horizontal and vertical dotted lines, and they help to organize the chart so that the values on the labels becomes better readable to viewers. This is helpful specially in situations where we plot a large number of data points. A graph drawn by plot function can have ... Read More

Extraction or selection of data can be done in many ways such as based on an individual value, range of values, etc. This is mostly required when we want to either compare the subsets of the data set or use the subset for analysis. The selection of rows based on ... Read More

The default size of axes labels created by using plot function does not seem to be large enough and also it does not look appealing. Therefore, we might want to change their size and color because the appearance of a plot matters a lot. This can be done by setting ... Read More

When we have a data frame that contains all numerical columns then we might want to find the largest value in each row. For example, if we have a sales data set in which each row represents a customer and columns represent the products with quantities of values as values ... Read More