The less than probability using normal distribution is the cumulative probability which can be found by using cumulative distribution function of the normal distribution. In R, we have pnorm function that directly calculates the less than probability for a normally distributed random variable that takes Z score, mean and standard ... Read More

How to change legend values in a bar plot created by using ggplot2 in R?By default, the legend values are taken as the different levels of the categorical variable for which a bar plot is created using ggplot2 package and if we want to change those values then scale_color_manual function ... Read More

One of the mostly used time measurement function in R is microbenchmark function of microbenchmark package. We can pass the function to create the plot inside microbenchmark function and this will result in the processing time for each of the plots then a comparison can be done for the difference.Example1Loading ... Read More

In base R, we can save a plot as a png and pass the resolution in the same stage. The procedure to do this is creating the png image with resolution with res argument then creating the plot and using dev.off() to create the file. Check out the below examples ... Read More

The cex argument is used to increase or decrease the point size in a point chart created in base R. If we want to create a point chart with points of size in increment manner then we can pass a vector of the same size as the vector for which ... Read More

How to create a point chart in R with alternative points having different shape?The pch argument is used to create different points in a base R chart and if we want to have alternative points of different shape then we can use rep function with pch argument but we need ... Read More

While doing the analysis we might know the variation in an independent variable or we might want to understand how other independent variables behave if we fix a certain variable. Therefore, we can fix the coefficient of an independent variable while creating the model and this can be done by ... Read More

If we want to have gaps on Y-axis scale in a barplot then it cannot be done in base R. For this purpose, we can make use of gap.barplot function of plotrix package. The gap.barplot function is very handy, we just need to pass the vector for which we want ... Read More

First thing we need to understand is diagonal elements are useful only if we have a square matrix, otherwise it would not make sense to set diagonal elements, this is known to almost all mathematicians but some freshman might get confused because we can create diagonal in a non-square matrix ... Read More

A boxplot in base R already consists three horizontal lines that represents minimum, median, and the maximum but we might to create an extra horizontal to showcase some threshold value. For example, we might to create a horizontal line at 2 to understand the variation in values that are greater ... Read More