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Articles by Nizamuddin Siddiqui
Page 147 of 196
How to create a frequency polygon in R?
Frequency polygons are the graphs of the values to understand the shape of the distribution of the values. They are useful in comparing different data sets and visualising cumulative frequency distribution of the data sets. In base R, we can use polygon function to create the frequency polygon but first we should create a line plot for the two variables under consideration.ExampleConsider the below vectors x and y −set.seed(999) x
Read MoreHow to convert a numerical column into factor column in R?
Often, we find that the values that represent factor levels are recorded as numerical values, therefore, we need to convert those numerical values to factor. In this way, we can use the factor column properly in our analysis otherwise R program will treat the factors as numerical values and the analysis output will be incorrect.Example Live Demodata(mtcars) str(mtcars)Output'data.frame': 32 obs. of 11 variables: $ mpg : num 21 21 22.8 21.4 18.7 18.1 14.3 24.4 22.8 19.2 ... $ cyl : num 6 6 4 6 8 6 8 4 4 6 ... $ disp: num 160 160 108 258 360 ... $ hp : num 110 110 93 110 175 105 245 62 95 123 ... $ drat: num 3.9 3.9 3.85 3.08 3.15 2.76 3.21 3.69 3.92 3.92 ... $ wt : num 2.62 2.88 2.32 3.21 3.44 ... $ qsec: num 16.5 17 18.6 19.4 17 ... $ vs : num 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 ... $ am : num 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... $ gear: num 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 ... $ carb: num 4 4 1 1 2 1 4 2 2 4 ... mtcars$cyl
Read MoreHow to use for loop to print all the elements of a list in R?
Applying for loop to a vector or a list is no different, we can simply use in the usual manner. For example, if we have a list called List and we want to print all the elements of the list then we can use the code for(i in List){print(i)}, here i refers to the vectors in the List.Example Live DemoList
Read MoreHow to reduce the size of the area covered by legend in R for a plot created by using plot function?
By default, the area covered by legends for a plot created by using plot function is of full size that is 1 (the area size has a range of 0 to 1, where 1 refers to the full size and 0 refers to none). To reduce the size, we can use cex argument with the legend function as shown in the below example.ExampleConsider the below vectors and the plot created between these two vectors −x
Read MoreHow to find the statistical summary of an R data frame with all the descriptive statistics?
When we find statistical summary of an R data frame, we only get the minimum value, first quartile, median, mean, third quartile, and maximum value but in descriptive there are many other useful measures such as variance, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, etc. Therefore, we can use basicStats function of fBasics package for this purpose.Loading fBasics package −library(fBasics)Consider mtcars data in base R −Example Live Demodata(mtcars) head(mtcars, 20)Output mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb Mazda RX4 21.0 6 160.0 110 3.90 ...
Read MoreHow to display R-squared value on scatterplot with regression model line in R?
The R-squared value is the coefficient of determination, it gives us the percentage or proportion of variation in dependent variable explained by the independent variable. To display this value on the scatterplot with regression model line without taking help from any package, we can use plot function with abline and legend functions.Consider the below data frame −Example Live Demoset.seed(1234) x
Read MoreHow to find the absolute pairwise difference among values of a vector in R?
If a vector contains five values then there will be ten pairwise differences. For example, suppose we have five numbers starting from 1, then the pairwise combinations for these values will be (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (3,4), (3,5), (4,5). Now to find the absolute pairwise differences, we would be need to find the differences between each of these combinations and take the absolute value of the answer hence the result will be 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 1.Example Live Demox1
Read MoreHow to create a sequence of dates by using starting date in R?
The best way to create a sequence of anything is creating it with the help of seq function and this also applies to sequences of dates. But in case of dates, we need to read the dates in date format so that R can understand the input type and create the appropriate vector. If we do not use the date format for the date value then it won’t make sense to R and it will result in error.Examples Live Demox1
Read MoreHow to create a contingency table with sum on the margins from an R data frame?
The sum of rows and columns on the margins in a contingency table are always useful because they are used for different type of calculations such as odds ratio, probability etc. If an R data frame has factor columns then we can create a contingency table for that data frame and it can be done by using addmargins function.ExampleConsider the below data frame − Live Demox1
Read MoreHow to create a data frame with combinations of values in R?
Suppose we have two values 0 and 1 then how many combinations of these values are possible, the answer is 8 and these combinations are (0,0), (1,0), (0,1), (1,1). In R, we can use expand.grid function to create these combinations but to save it in a data frame, we would need to use as.data.frame function.Example Live Demodf1
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