To create a scatterplot with intercept equals to 1 using ggplot2, we can use geom_abline function but we need to pass the appropriate limits for the x axis and y axis values. For example, if we have two columns x and y in a data frame df and both have ... Read More

To multiply two matrices by elements in R, we would need to use one of the matrices as vector. For example, if we have two matrices defined by names M1 and M2 then the multiplication of these matrices by elements can be done by using M1*as.vector(M2). The main thing we ... Read More

To create a plot with reversed Y-axis we need to use the rev function for the Y-axis labels with ylim but we would also need to define the range for the y-axis values, otherwise, R will throw an error. For example, if we have two vectors named as x and ... Read More

To create a plot with tick marks manually between X-axis values in base R, we first need to create the plot without X-axis labels then add the axis values using axis function with appropriate labels, this will create tick marks as well as labels. After this step, we would need ... Read More

To create the boxplots in base R ordered by means, we first need to order the categorical column based on the mean of the numerical column and then the boxplot will be created.For example, if we have a data frame df that has a categorical column x and a numerical ... Read More

A data frame might be very long and contain columns with only string values as well as numerical values. While doing the analysis, we might want to check which columns contain a particular string value. For example, if we have a column with string values as A, B, and C ... Read More

If we have two categorical columns along with a numerical column in an R data frame then we can find the mean of the numerical column by using the combination of the categorical columns with the help of aggregate function. For example, if a data frame df contains a numerical ... Read More

If we want to add variables to the model in base R then update function can be used. The update function will update the previous modle by adding the new variable and this variable can be a single variable as well as an interaction of the two or more also ... Read More

The range for 95% of all values actually represents the middle 95% values. Therefore, we can find the 2.5th percentile and 97.5th percentile so that the range for middle 95% can be obtained. For this purpose, we can use quantile function in R. To find the 2.5th percentile, we would ... Read More

Sometimes values are missing in a sequence and R program records them as NA (Not Available). In this type of situation, we might want to replace consecutive NA records with single NA value. This can be done by using is.na along with diff function as shown in the below examples.Example Live ... Read More