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Articles by Nizamuddin Siddiqui
Page 116 of 196
How to create a horizontal bar plot using barplot function in R?
To create a bar plot in base R, we can directly use barplot function but the table of frequencies should be passed inside this function. If we want to create the barplot in horizontal manner then horiz=TRUE argument must be added. For example, if we have a vector x that contains repeating values then the horizontal bar plot of x can be created by using barplot(table(x),horiz=TRUE).Example1> x barplot(table(x),horiz=TRUE)OutputExample2> y barplot(table(y),horiz=TRUE)OutputExample3> z barplot(table(z),horiz=TRUE)Output
Read MoreHow to create a replicated list of a list in R?
Sometimes we want to created repeated values, this is helpful in different scenarios such as measuring an effect of a constant on multiple variables. The list values can be also replicated for similar purpose of analysis. The replication of list of a list can be created by using rep function. For example, if we have a list called x and we want to create five times replicated list of this list then we can use the code rep(list(x), 5).Example1Live Demo> List1 List1Output$x1 [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 ...
Read MoreHow to create a subset of a data frame in R without using column names?
The subsetting of a data frame can be done by using column names as well as column number. Also, we can subset by subsequent as well as non-subsequent column numbers. For example, if we have a data frame df that contains column x, y, z then we can make a subset of x and z by using df[, c(1, 3)].ExampleConsider the below data frame:> set.seed(191) > x1 x2 x3 x4 df1 df1Output x1 x2 x3 ...
Read MoreHow to create a line that passes through specified points in an R plot?
To create a line that passes through specified points, we first need to create the plot then using plot function then xspline function can be used to join the points with straight lines. The xspline function is specifically designed to draw curves and hence it can be also used to join points in a plot as shown in the below examples.Example1> plot(rpois(10,5)) > xspline(c(4,3,1),c(7,5,2))Output:Example2> plot(rnorm(10)) > xspline(c(4,3,1),c(0.3,-0.5,-1.5))Output:
Read MoreHow to create an empty plot using ggplot2 in R?
The two most easy ways to create an empty plot using ggplot2 are using geom_blank function and also adding the theme_bw along with the geom_blank. The geom_blank will create an empty plot with white gridlines and grey background, on the other hand, addition of theme_bw will create the empty plot with grey gridlines and white background.ExampleConsider the below data frame:Live Demo> set.seed(151) > x y df dfOutput x y 1 -0.05153895 0.3139643 2 0.76573738 0.1816184 3 -0.14673959 0.8201743 4 -0.11318581 1.6005576 5 -0.39551140 0.6770630 6 0.78227595 0.7446956 7 -1.39747811 0.7004385 8 -1.01883832 1.2728014 ...
Read MoreHow to perform post hoc test for Kruskal-Wallis in R?
The Kruskal-Wallis test is the non-parametric analogue of one-way analysis of variance. The non-parametric tests are used in situations when the assumptions of parametric tests are not met. If we find significant difference in Kruskal-Wallis then post hoc tests are done to find where the difference exists. For this purpose, we can perform dunn test. The function of dunn test can be accessed through FSA package.Example1Loading FSA package:> library(FSA)Consider the below data frame:Live Demo> x1 y1 df1 df1Output x1 y1 1 E 1.1191117 2 D 1.1276032 3 D 1.5610692 4 E 1.1585054 5 E 1.0239322 6 C ...
Read MoreHow to create two 3d plots at a time in R?
The rgl package is specifically designed to create real-time interactive 3D plots and we can create two 3d plots using plot3d function of this package. Also, these plots can be viewed in the R console at a single point of time with the help of open3d() function.ExampleLoading rgl package:Example> library(rgl) > x y z plot3d(x,y,z)OutputExample> open3d() wgl 12 > plot3d(x,y,z,col=rainbow(5))Output
Read MoreHow to find the sum of two list elements in R?
The list elements of two lists cannot be added directly but we can do this addition by unlisting the elements. To do this, we would need to use lapply function. For example, if we have two lists defined as x and y then the sum of the elements in these lists can be calculated as follows:Examplelapply(seq_along(x), function(i) unlist(x[i])+unlist(y[i]))Example1Live Demo> x1 x1Output[[1]] [1] 0 3 0 1 2 0 1 0 1 3 3 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 6 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 [38] ...
Read MoreHow to create a data frame in R with list elements?
If a list has the same length of elements (not sub-elements) as the length of each vector for which we want to create the data frame then we first need to create the data frame of vectors then we can easily add the list into the data frame. But if we have a list and other vectors then data frame cannot be created as data.frame function will read each value of the list separately.ExampleLive Demo> df1 df1Output x y 1 6 1 2 8 1 3 6 2 4 8 1 5 5 1 6 3 1 7 6 1 ...
Read MoreHow to display the superscript for a single variable in a base R plot?
To display the superscript in a base R plot, we would need to use expression function inside text function. For example, if we want to display X-square inside a blank plot in base R then we can use the below code:plot(1:10,type="n") text(2,2,expression(X^2))Example1> plot(1:10,type="n") > text(2,2,expression(X^2==4))Output:Example2> text(5,5,expression(X^5==Center))Output:Example3> text(9,9,expression(Squared^2))Output:
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