To create a step histogram using ggplot2, we can use geom="step" argument inside stat_bin function. For example, if we have a data frame that contains a single column then the step histogram can be created using the command − ggplot(df, aes(x))+stat_bin(geom="step", bins=30)Example Live DemoConsider the below data frame −set.seed(14) xRead More

If we have multiples data frames of same size stored in a list and we believe that these data frames have similar characteristic then we can create a single data frame. This can be done with the help of do.call. For example, if we have a list defined with the ... Read More

To multiply matrices elements if matrices are stored in a list, we can make use of Reduce function. For example, if we have four matrices named as M1, M2, M3, and M4 stored in a list object called List then the multiplication each element in all the four matrices can ... Read More

To increase the X-axis length of histogram in base R, we can use the axis function. The most important thing to remember while using the axis function is mentioning the appropriate sequence based on the values in the vector or in the column of the data frame if a data ... Read More

The checking for duplicates in a data.table object can be easily done with the help of delta ($) operator that is used to access the columns and the duplicated function. For example, if a data.table object DT contains a column x then to check the duplicates in x, we can ... Read More

To create a combination of pairs, we can use the combn function. This function will be helpful to use the vector length and the value 2 that represents a pair to create the combinations. Although, this is enough but we can transpose the output to get a better−looking output.Example1 Live Demox1Read More

To multiply only one column with a number, we can simply use the multiplication operator * but need to replace the original column with the new values. For example, if we have a data frame called df that contains three columns x1, x2, and x3, and we want to multiply ... Read More

When we create a plot using ggplot2, the axes labels are automatically generated for both the axes. We might want to use those axes labels for report writing or some other purpose, therefore, extraction of those labels for a plot created by using ggplot2 package can be found by using ... Read More

To change the defaults for ggplot2 geoms, we need to use update_geom_defaults function. If we want to change the shape of points for scatterplot, we can use the below syntax −update_geom_defaults("point", list(shape=”point_shape_number”))The point shape number ranges from 0 to 25. We can change that according to our need.Consider the below ... Read More

If list elements are of equal size having numerical values then the boxplot for each element can be created by using ggplot2 but before creating the boxplot we would need to convert the list to a data frame. The conversion of list elements to a data frame will be done ... Read More