We can split the screen to assign the plots manually in the plot area. The split.screen function can be used for this purpose. For example, if we want to create 4 plots in the plot window then we can use split.screen(c(2, 2)). Now to create the plot in first screen ... Read More

To convert multiple columns into single column in an R data frame, we can use unlist function. For example, if we have data frame defined as df and contains four columns then the columns of df can be converted into a single by using data.frame(x=unlist(df)).Example1 Live DemoConsider the below data frame ... Read More

There are many ways to define an outlying value and it can be manually set by the researchers as well as technicians. Also, we can use 5th percentile for the lower outlier and the 95th percentile for the upper outlier. For this purpose, we can use squish function of scales ... Read More

In Data Analysis, we sometimes decide the size of the data or sample size based on our thoughts and this might result in removing some part of the data. One such thing could be removing three or less duplicate combinations of categorical columns and it can be done with the ... Read More

To find the percentage of missing values in an R data frame, we can use sum function with the prod function. For example, if we have a data frame called df that contains some missing values then the percentage of missing values can be calculated by using the command: (sum(is.na(df))/prod(dim(df)))*100Example1 Live ... Read More

To create a large vector of repetitive elements of varying size we can use the rep function along with the logical vector as an index. The logical vector that contains TRUE or FALSE will define the selection or omission of the values in the vector created with the help of ... Read More

Suppose we have a list that contain two elements and we get a new value for both of these elements then the problem of adding those values to the original list arises. This can be done with the help of mapply function. We can append the new values in the ... Read More

To create the combinations of 0 and 1 data frame, we can use expand.grid function along with the rep function. If we want to create combination of 0 and 1 with fixed number of 1’s in each row then rowSums functions can be used with the appropriate sum value. For ... Read More

A sparse matrix is a type of matrix that has most of the elements equal to zero but there is no restriction for the number of zero elements. As a general criterion the number of non−zero elements are expected to be equal to the number of rows or number of ... Read More

A sparse matrix is a type of matrix that has most of the elements equal to zero but there is no restriction for the number of zero elements. As a general criterion the number of non-zero elements are expected to be equal to the number of rows or number of ... Read More