The electromagnetic waves having frequencies between 1 and 300 GHz are known as a microwave. Microwave systems use very high-frequency radio or television signals to transmit data through space. Therefore, the transmitter and receiver of a microwaves system, which is mounted on very high towers, should be invisible to each ... Read More

In this type of media, the signal propagates in the form of electromagnetic waves without the requirement of solid media, i.e., in the air. There are also called wireless media.The electromagnetic spectrum used for wireless communication is shown in the figure −Propagation MethodsThe unguided signals can travel from the transmitter ... Read More

A fibre optic cable is made of glass or plastic and transmits signals in the structure of light signals. The structure of an optical fibre cable is displayed in the figure. It involves an inner glass core surrounded by a glass cladding that reflects the light into the core. Each ... Read More

Co-axial includes a central copper wire surrounded by PVC insulation over which a copper mesh sleeve is placed. Again, the metal sleeve is shielded by an outer shield of thick PVC material, as shown in the figure.The coaxial cable structure provides it with the right mixture of high bandwidth and ... Read More

Twisted-pair are generally made of copper, and a pair of wires are twisted together to decrease interference by adjacent wires. A twisted pair includes two conductors (copper), each with its plastic insulation, twisted together. One of the wires can transfer signals to the receiver, and the difference is used just ... Read More

A transmission media can be represented as anything that can take data from a source to a destination. The transmission media function maintains the data in the form of bits through LAN (Local Area Network).In data communications, the definition of the data and the transmission medium is more precise. The ... Read More

It is the description of analog data by an analog signal. Modulation of analog signals means converting analog signals to an analog signal. It is required because the sender’s signal is of low pass and can be of the same range. For example, each radio station has a low pass ... Read More

Phase Shift Keying (PSK) is limited by the equipment’s ability to distinguish the small phase difference. This factor is responsible for determining its potential bit rate. Quadrature amplitude modulation can be defined as a consolidation of ASK and PSK so that a maximum difference between each signal unit (bit, dibit, ... Read More

In phase-shift keying (PSK), the carrier phase is different to describe binary 1 or 0. Both peak amplitude and frequency remain constant as the process modifies. For example, if we begin with 0 degrees to define binary 0, we can adjust the procedure to 180 degrees to transmit binary 1. ... Read More

In frequency-shift keying (FSK), the carrier signal frequency is varied to illustrate binary 1 or 0. The frequency of the signal during each bit period is constant, and its value based on the bit (0 or 1) both peak amplitude and phase remain constant.The figure provides the conceptual view of ... Read More