The following methods used in instruction issue policies such as the scalar processors, superscalar processors, and the broad picture covering both. While considering the most frequently used issue policies, it can reduce the design space of instruction issues by ignoring less important aspects.First, for both scalar and superscalar processors, it ... Read More

The handling of issue blockages can be broken into two types as displayed in the figure. The first aspect called preserving issue order specifies whether a dependent instruction blocks the issue of subsequent independent instructions in the issue window. The second aspect is the alignment of instruction issue. It decides ... Read More

Superscalar instruction issue is the most sensitive task of superscalar operation. The issue policy determines how dependencies are managed during the issue process. The issue rate defines the maximum number of instructions a superscalar processor can issue in each cycle.The design space of issue policy is complex. As shown in ... Read More

A scalar processor has to decode only a single instruction in each cycle as shown in the figure. In addition, a pipelined processor has to check for dependencies to decide whether this instruction can be issued or not. In comparison, a superscalar processor has to perform a much more complex ... Read More

Superscalar processing can be broken down into several particular tasks, which is shown in the figure. Superscalar processors can issue multiple instructions per cycle, the first task certainly is parallel decoding.Decoding in superscalar processors is a significantly more complex task than in the case of scalar processors and evolves into ... Read More

A superscalar processor is created to produce an implementation rate of more than one instruction per clock cycle for a single sequential program. Superscalar processor design defines as a set of methods that enable the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer to manage the throughput of more than one ... Read More

The concrete architecture at a given level is normally defined in the phrase of its components. Hence, the description of the concrete architecture at a given level is based on the abstract architectures of its components.As an effect, the concrete architecture at a specific level is a description at a ... Read More

It can interpret the theory of computer architecture at several levels of rising abstraction. At each level, the architecture will be represented by declaring the underlying computational model, the functional specification, and the actual implementation. Therefore, the interpretation covers three elements including the underlying computational model, the level of consideration, ... Read More

Von Neumann’s model is composed of three specific components (or sub-systems) including a central processing unit (CPU), memory, and input/output (I/O) interfaces. The figure defines one of the various possible methods of interconnecting these components.CPU − CPU can be regarded as the soul of the computing system, includes three main ... Read More

There are six basic computational models such as Turing, von Neumann, dataflow, applicative, object-based, predicate logic-based, etc. These models are known as basic models because they can be declared using a basic set of abstractions.A hierarchy of subclasses can be defined for each of the basic models to any extent ... Read More