Load and store instructions involve actions affecting both the processor and the memory. While executing, both load and stores must first wait for their addresses to be computed by an ALU or address unit. Then, loads can access the data cache to fetch the requested memory data which is then ... Read More

Sequential consistency of instruction execution associates with two techniques such as first to the order in which instructions are finished and second to the order in which memory is created because of the load and store instruction or memory references of other instructions as shown in the figure.The term processor ... Read More

The design space of register renaming resembles that of shelving. As shown in the figure, it consists of the following main components such as the scope of register renaming, the layout of rename buffers, the operand fetch policy, and the number of renames per cycle.Scope of Register RenamingMost first-generation superscalar ... Read More

When instructions are executed in parallel, they will be completed in out-of-program order. Here, it does not matter whether instructions are issued or dispatched in order or out-of-order, or whether shelving is used or not. The point is that unequal execution times force instructions to finish out-of-order, even if they ... Read More

There are four different methods to implement rename buffers such as using a merged architectural and rename register file, employing a separate name register file, or holding renamed values either in the ROB or in DRIS.In the first method, rename buffers are executed along with the architectural registers in a ... Read More

The layout of the rename buffers establishes the actual framework for renaming. There are three basic components are the type and the number of the rename buffers and the basic mechanism which is used for accessing rename buffers as displayed in the figure.Type of rename buffersThe chosen type of rename ... Read More

Register renaming is a standard approach for eliminating false data dependencies, such as WAR and WAW dependencies, between register data. It was first suggested by Tjaden and Flynn in 1970.They intended to use register renaming for a definite set of instructions that compare more or less to the class of ... Read More

A latch is a device with particularly two stable states and these states are high-output and low-output. A latch has a feedback direction, to maintain the data. Latches can be memory devices and can save one bit of information. It is used to “latch onto” data and save it in ... Read More

A logic gate is an electronic device that creates logical decisions depends on the various combinations of digital signals accessible on its inputs. A digital logic gate can have greater than one input signal but has only one digital output signal. There are seven basic logic gates such as AND, ... Read More

Digital data is described, saved, and communicated as sets of binary digits which are known as bits. The set of bits is called binary code. Binary codes are used in devices as they enable computers to implement complex evaluations fastly and effectively.Classification of Binary CodesBinary codes can be defined as ... Read More