DecoderA decoder is a combinational logic circuit that converts a code into a set of signals. A decoder circuit does accurately the reversal of encoding. It has several inputs and outputs, and it is generally used to modify coded inputs into coded outputs supported both of them are diverse from ... Read More

EncoderA digital circuit that executes the inverse services of a decoder is known as an encoder. It has 2n input lines and n output lines. In an encoder, the output lines create the binary code equivalent to the input value. The figure displays the general architecture of an encoder circuit.DecoderThe ... Read More

Classic mask-programmed ROM chips are joined circuits that physically encode the information to be saved, and therefore it is inaccessible to modify their contents after fabrication. Several methods of non-volatile solid-state memory allow some degree of modification −Programmable read-only memory (PROM) − It is a one-time programmable ROM (OTP) and ... Read More

RAM is an element of the main memory that is directly usable by the CPU (Central Processing Unit). Memory can save programs and information during computer operations. The major technology used for the main memory depends on semiconductor integrated circuits.The feature of RAM is that it is volatile. A RAM ... Read More

MultiplexerA multiplexer is a combinational circuit that obtains binary data from one of 2" input data lines and manages it to an individual output line. The selection of a specific input data line for the output is decided by a collection of selection inputs. A 2"-to-1 multiplexer has 2" input ... Read More

Convex was the first device produce to commercialize a CC-NUMA machine, known as the SPP1000. SPP represents a Scalable Parallel Processor. The goals of the SPP Exemplar series are to make a family of high-implementation computers where the multiple processors can simply range from 10 to 1000 and the peak ... Read More

The Wisconsin multicube architecture employs row and column buses constructing a two-dimensional grid structure as shown in the figure. The three-dimensional generalization will appear in a cube structure.It can describe the cache coherence protocol of the Wisconsin multicube architecture, the following definitions must be given −Possible state of blocks in ... Read More

Software-based approaches define a good and competitive concession because they need virtually negligible hardware support and they can lead to a similarly limited number of invalidation failures as the hardware-based protocols. All the software-based protocols depend on compiler support. The design space of software-based protocols is shown in the figure.The ... Read More

The Scalable Coherent Interface (IEEE P1596) is establishing an interface standard for very high-implementation multiprocessors. It can be providing a cache-coherent-memory model extensible to systems with up to 64K nodes. This Scalable Coherent Interface (SCI) will amount to a peak bandwidth per node of 1 GigaByte/second.The major purpose of the ... Read More

Directory schemes selectively send consistency commands only to those caches where the valid copy of the shared data block is stored. A directory entry must be associated with each data block. The directory entry consists of a set of pointers to the caches holding a valid copy of the block. ... Read More