The term ‘computer architecture’ was coined in 1964 by the ‘chief architects’ of the IBM System/360 in a paper announcing the most successful family of computers ever built. The interpretation includes the definitions of the registers, memory, the instruction set, instruction formats, addressing modes, and the actual coding of the ... Read More

A pair of signal lines that facilitate the transfer of multi-bit data from one system to another is known as a bus.The diagram demonstrates three master devices as M3, M6, and M4.The master device start and controls the connection. S7, S5, and S2 are slave devices. Slave devices counter to ... Read More

A computer systems create use of several storage registers that are linked to a typical operational unit is known as the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU). ALU is the central and one of the most essential units internal the CPU of the computer.All the logical and numerical operations of a ... Read More

Shift micro-operations are used for the serial transfer of data and also support in conjunction with arithmetic, logic, and several data-processing operations. The contents of a register can be shifted to the left or the right.Simultaneously, that the bits are shifted, the first flip-flop holds its binary data from the ... Read More

Logic operations are binary micro-operations implemented on the bits saved in the registers. These operations treated each bit independently and create them as binary variables.For example, the exclusive-OR micro-operation with the contents of two registers R1 and R2 is denoted by the statementP: R1←R1$\oplus$R2It determines a logic micro-operation to be ... Read More

The increment micro-operation inserts one to a number in a register. For example, if a 4-bit register has a binary value 0110, it will go to 0111 after it is incremented. The increment micro-operation is performed by a 4-bit combinational circuit incrementer.This micro-operation is simply performed with a binary counter. ... Read More

The subtraction of binary numbers can be completed effectively by creating the 2's complement of addend bits and inserting it to the augend bits. The 2's complement can be acquired by taking the 1's complement and inserting one to the least significant pair of bits.The 1's complement can be executed ... Read More

A Binary Adder is a digital circuit that implements the arithmetic sum of two binary numbers supported with any length is known as a binary adder. It is generated using full-adder circuits connected in sequence. The output carries from one full-adder linked to the input carry of the next full-adder.The ... Read More

The operations implemented on data stored in registers are known as micro-operations. A micro-operation is a basic operation implemented on the data saved in one or more registers.There are various micro-operations including addition, subtraction, increment, and decrement.Add Micro-OperationIt is described by the following statement −R3 → R1 + R2The following ... Read More

The transfer of data from a memory word to the external environment is known as a read operation. The read operation in memory transfer is represented as the transfer of data from the address register (AR) with the selected word M for the memory into the memory buffer register (MBR).[AR]M ... Read More