Introduction Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884), an Austrian monk, laid the setting stone in the path to the evolution of genetics as we know it today. His famous hybridization experiments with the pea plant laid the foundations for the laws of inheritance, which are the basis for all sexually reproducing eukaryotic ... Read More

Introduction The skin is the body’s outermost layer which functions to protect the body from all sorts of things, including infections, temperature changes, physical, chemical and mechanical stresses, etc. Being the largest organ of the body, the skin of an average adult human spans about 1.5-2.5 metres and is quite ... Read More

Introduction With a weight of about 1.5 kg, the liver is the biggest organ within the body and also the largest gland. Accounting for about 2-3% of the body weight, the liver performs various important functions, such as storage of glucose, synthesis of proteins via amino acids, production of bile, ... Read More

Introduction Clothing is a general term coined for all the various types of materials worn on the body. During ancient times people lived in forests and did not wear clothes. Afterward, to protect the body from different harsh environmental conditions such as heat in summer, cold in winter and rainy ... Read More

Introduction Both horses and donkeys are domesticated and also found in wild across the world. Horses usually prefer open areas and like to travel in groups known as herds. For the last many centuries, horses are domesticated by people all over the world. They can live in all most all ... Read More

Introduction Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted in trace amounts by the endocrine cells. They transmit the information from one tissue to another tissue by diffusing it into the bloodstream. The messages transmitted to the target tissue help to control the metabolic and physiological activities in the target cells. ... Read More

Introduction: Hormonal Disorders Hormonal balance is essential for humans to lead a healthy life. A single hormone or pair of hormones with opposite functions work together to maintain the hormonal balance. However, fluctuations in the normal levels of hormones can occur due to the insufficient or excessive production of hormones ... Read More

Introduction Hookworms are a type of parasitic nematodes that are inhabitants of the small intestine, skin and lungs of mammals like humans, dogs, and cats. Hookworms belong to the class Secernentea and the order Strongylida and the family Ancylostomatidae. Hookworm larvae and adults living in the small intestine can result ... Read More

Introduction Honey bees are a eusocial flying insect species that belong to the bee family and is indigenous to Afro-Eurasia. One of the many types of bees that make honey is the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Only bees from the Apini tribe, belonging to the Apis genus, are considered as ... Read More

Introduction The term “Homeostasis” was given in 1926 by Walter Bradford Cannon. Homeostasis is derived from two Greek words ὅμοιος (homios) i.e., similar and στάσις (stasis) i.e., standing still. It is a self-regulating process that maintains consistency in internal, physical, and chemical conditions. This sets the optimal condition for the ... Read More