In case of transaction the term ACID has been used significantly to state some of important properties that a transaction must follow. We all know ACID stands for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation and Durability and these properties collectively called as ACID Properties.Properties of transactionDatabase system ensures ACID property −Atomicity − Either ... Read More

Conflict serializability orders any conflicting operations in the same way as some serial execution. A pair of operations is said to conflict if they operate on the same data item and one of them is a write operation.That means, Readi(x) readj(x) - non conflict read-read operationReadi(x) writej(x) - conflict read-write ... Read More

There are two types of serializability which are as follows −View serializabilityA schedule is view-serializability if it is view equivalent to a serial schedule.The rules it follows are given below −T1 is reading the initial value of A, and then T2 also reads the initial value of A.T1 is the ... Read More

The characteristics of non-serializable schedules are as follows −The transactions may or may not be consistent.The transactions may or may not be recoverable.So, now let’s talk about recoverability schedules.We all know that recoverable and irrecoverable are non-serializable techniques, Irrecoverable schedulesIf a transaction does a dirty read operation from an uncommitted ... Read More

When many transactions are executed simultaneously then we call them concurrent transactions. Concurrency is required to increase time efficiency. If there are many transactions which are trying to access the same data, then inconsistency arises. Concurrency control is required to maintain consistency of data.In order to run transactions concurrently, we ... Read More

A schedule is defined as an execution sequence of transactions. A schedule maintains the order of the operation in each individual transaction. A schedule is the arrangement of transaction operations. A schedule may contain a set of transactions. We already know that a transaction is a set of operations. To ... Read More

Redundant Array of Independent Disk (RAID) combines multiple small, inexpensive disk drives into an array of disk drives which yields performance more than that of a Single Large Expensive Drive (SLED). RAID is also called Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks.Storing the same data in different disk increases the fault-tolerance.The array ... Read More

Magnetic disk is the secondary storage device used to support direct access to a desired location.Parts in Magnetic diskThe different parts that are present in magnetic disk or hard disk are explained below. All these parts are helpful to read, write and store the data in the hard disk.Disk blocks ... Read More

Shadow paging is one of the techniques that is used to recover from failure. We all know that recovery means to get back the information, which is lost. It helps to maintain database consistency in case of failure.Concept of shadow pagingNow let see the concept of shadow paging step by ... Read More

Use the create command to create a table. Insert the values that are book information into the created database table using insert command.If we want to view or retrieve the inserted data use the select command.Step 1Create a book table in database as follows −The create command is used to ... Read More