Query Processing is a translation of high-level queries into low-level expression. It is a step wise process that can be used at the physical level of the file system, query optimization and actual execution of the query to get the result.It requires the basic concepts of relational algebra and file ... Read More

In parallel database system data processing performance is improved by using multiple resources in parallel. In this CPU, the disk is used parallel to enhance the processing performance.Operations like data loading and query processing are performed parallel. The centralized and client server database systems are not powerful enough to handle ... Read More

Logical Database Design has a low-level description of entities that are defined and how they are related to each other and what kind of data is to be stored. This model determines if all the requirements of the business have been gathered.Physical Database Design deals with how the data will ... Read More

Physical database designing is used for good performance while the process of structuring data in the storage.Factors influencing physical database designLet us see the important factors that influence physical database design −Transactions and queriesIt is important to understand what kind of transactions and queries will be run and what use ... Read More

For any stored data if we want to preserve the consistency and correctness, a relational DBMS typically imposes one or more data integrity constraints. These constraints restrict the data values which can be inserted into the database or created by a database update.Data Integrity ConstraintsThere are different types of data ... Read More

Let us first try to understand why we are using B-tree. Then, we will get a clarity on the definition of B-tree.Reasons for using B-treeThe reasons for using B-tree are as follows −When searching tables on disc, the cost of accessing the disk is high but it doesn’t bother about ... Read More

The advantages and disadvantages of some of the collision resolution techniques are explained below −Separate Chaining hashingSeparate chaining is a hashing technique in which there is a list to handle collisions. So there are many elements at the same position and they are in a list. The sequences are maintained ... Read More

Collision is a problem that occurs when two keys applied on a hash table map to the same location in the hash table.There are two techniques that are used to avoid collision they are −Linear probing.Chaining.Let us discuss each technique in detail.Linear probingLinear probing is a strategy for resolving collisions. ... Read More

Hashed file organisation is also called a direct file organisation.In this method, for storing the records a hash function is calculated, which provides the address of the block to store the record. Any type of mathematical function can be used as a hash function. It can be simple or complex.Hash ... Read More

Different organizations have struggled with their management information systems and their membership databases. The main struggle here is the lack of centralized information. Too often, assurance and non-profits keep separate databases for membership, events, sales, and other processes. When at all feasible, these databases should be combined into a single, ... Read More