Traffic awareness is one of the approaches for congestion control over the network. The basic way to avoid congestion is to build a network that is well matched to the traffic that it carries. If more traffic is directed but a low-bandwidth link is available, congestion occurs.The main goal of ... Read More

The presence of congestion means the load is greater than the resources available over a network to handle. Generally we will get an idea to reduce the congestion by trying to increase the resources or decrease the load, but it is not that much of a good idea.Approaches to Congestion ... Read More

The network layer is concerned with getting packets from the source all the way to the destination with minimal cost. Unlike the data link layer which has more important goals like just moving frames from one end of a wire to another. The network layer is the lowest layer that ... Read More

Data link layer translates the physical layers raw bit stream into discrete messages called frames. Now the question is how can a frame be transmitted, so the receiver can recognize the start and end frame?TechniquesThe techniques we used to find the start and end frame are −Character countFlag byte with ... Read More

Data link layer translates the physical layers raw bit stream into discrete messages called frames. Now the question is how can a frame be transmitted, so the receiver can recognize the start and end frame?TechniquesThe techniques we used to find the start and end frame are −Character countFlag byte with ... Read More

Elementary Data Link protocols are classified into three categories, as given below −Protocol 1 − Unrestricted simplex protocolProtocol 2 − Simplex stop and wait protocolProtocol 3 − Simplex protocol for noisy channels.Let us discuss each protocol one by one.Unrestricted Simplex ProtocolData transmitting is carried out in one direction only. The ... Read More

Digital Modulation is the process of converting between bits and signals.Transmission MechanismsThe various modulation schemes result in various transmission mechanisms which are as follows −Baseband transmission.Passband transmission.Multiplexing TechniquesSharing of a transmission channel by various signals is called multiplexing. The different multiplexing techniques are as follows −Time division multiplexing.Frequency division multiplexing.Code ... Read More

Digital Modulation is the process of converting between bits and signals.Transmission MechanismsThe various modulation schemes result in various transmission mechanisms which are as follows −Baseband transmission.Passband transmission.Multiplexing TechniquesSharing of a transmission channel by various signals is called multiplexing. The different multiplexing techniques are as follows −Time division multiplexing.Frequency division multiplexing.Code ... Read More

Digital wireless communication is not a new idea. Earlier, Morse code implemented the wireless network. Now-a-days, the modern digital systems use wireless systems of the same idea as Morse code as implemented but with better performance.Categories of Wireless NetworksWireless Networks are divided into three categories as explained below −System InterconnectionIt ... Read More

Topology refers to the arrangement of computer networks. Topology is divided into either physical or logical arrangement. Physical topology refers to the way the computers are connected with each other on a network. Logical topology means the way data is flowing from one computer to another computer.Now, let see the ... Read More