Load-sensitive routing algorithms have been integrated into the Internet routing algorithms since the early days of ARPANET. The drawback of this condition leads to overreaction to changing network conditions and permanent oscillation effects finally caused the idea of load-adaptive routing to be dropped for some decades.There is a tremendous growth ... Read More

Dynamic routing is an adaptive routing algorithm, and it is a process where a router can forward data through a different route.The term is most associated with data networking to describe the capability of a network to 'route around' damage, such as loss of a node or a connection between ... Read More

Static routing algorithm is a form of routing which occurs when a router uses a manual configuration routing entry rather than dynamic entry.In different cases, static routes are manually configured by a network administrator by adding entries into the routing table. It is not possible in all cases. Static routes ... Read More

Transmission impairment occurs when the received signal is different from the transmitted signal. As we know, a signal can be transmitted as Analog signal or it can be transmitted as a digital signal.In Analog signals due to transmission impairment the resulting received signal gets different amplitude or the shape. In ... Read More

Transmission impairment occurs when the received signal is different from the transmitted signal. As we know, a signal can be transmitted as Analog signal or it can be transmitted as a digital signal.In Analog signals due to transmission impairment the resulting received signal gets different amplitude or the shape. In ... Read More

Transmission impairment occurs when the received signal is different from the transmitted signal. As we know, a signal can be transmitted as Analog signal or it can be transmitted as a digital signal.In Analog signals due to transmission impairment the resulting received signal gets different amplitude or the shape. In ... Read More

The real function of every layer in OSI is to provide services to the layer above it.Network Services TerminologyThe network services terminology is explained below −Entities − In each layer there are so many active elements. An entity can be a software entity or a hardware entity. For example, a ... Read More

BISDN is an extension of ISDN, that is, it has narrowband capability of ISDN but also the broadband capability.The purpose of BISDN is to achieve complete integration of services, ranging from low-bit- rate burst signals to high-bit-rate continuous real-time signals.B-ISDN ServicesThere are two types of B-ISDN services which are as ... Read More

ISDN is also known as Integrated Services Digital Network. It is helpful in a wide range of services, for example, text (message), image, etc. It is capable of giving services and the foundation of telecommunication networks i.e. useful in the framework.It was also known as Integrated Digital Network because it ... Read More

The physical layer’s major function is to move data in the form of electromagnetic signals over a transmission medium. The data which is used by a person is not in a form that can be transmitted over a network.For example, a photograph has to be changed to a form that ... Read More