Locality of reference refers to the tendency of the computer program to access the same set of memory locations for a particular time period. The property of Locality of Reference is mainly shown by loops and subroutine calls in a program.On an abstract level there are two types of localities ... Read More

Instruction cycle consists of fetch, execute and interrupt stage show in below diagram −If any interrupt occurs, it is indicated by an interrupt flag. The CPU will go to interrupt handler routine. Interrupt handler then checks the type of interrupt and executes the appropriate function. It involves overhead but still ... Read More

An interrupt is a signal from a device attached to a computer or from a program within the computer that requires the operating system to stop and figure out what to do next.Whenever an interrupt occurs, it causes the CPU to stop executing the current program. Then comes the control ... Read More

Memory is a storage part in a computer system. It is used to store the data, information, and programs at the time of processing on the computer. It stores data either temporarily or permanent. The main use of memory is saving and retrieving data.Types of MemoryGenerally computer system consists of ... Read More

We know that an operating system is a resource allocator and it manages all the resources which are associated with the system.Let us see how operating system design is related to basic elements of a computer systemRegistersRegisters are available in the processor. These registers are used for storage and data ... Read More

A CPU register is a small and temporary storage containing a set of data holding places that are part of the computer processor. A register holds an instruction, a storage address, or any kind of data.Before trying to understand some special purpose registers, let us try to understand the difference ... Read More

User registers can read or write by machine instructions. The user registers are divided into data registers and address registers.Data registersThese registers hold the numeric data values like integers and, in some architectures, hold floating-point values, characters, small bit arrays and other data. In low end CPUs, a special data ... Read More

Control register is called a processor register that changes or controls the general behaviour of a CPU or other services in the system.The common tasks performed by control registers are interrupt control, switching the addressing mode, paging control, and coprocessor control.Types of CPU Control RegisterThe different types of CPU control ... Read More

General purpose registers are additional registers that are present in CPU which is used for either memory address or data whenever needed. For example, storing current register content when there is an interruption.8086 processorLet us consider an 8086 processor. There are eight general purpose register in 8086 microprocessor which are ... Read More

I/O Structure consists of Programmed I/O, Interrupt driven I/O, DMS, CPU, Memory, External devices, these are all connected with the help of Peripheral I/O Buses and General I/O Buses.Different types of I/O Present inside the system are shown below −Programmed I/OIn the programmed I/O when we write the input then ... Read More