Kernel is a part of the operating system. It interacts directly with the hardware of the computer with the help of a device that is built into the kernel.Functions of KernelThe functions of the kernel are as follows −Memory managementControlling access to the computer.Maintaining the file system.Handling interruptsHandling errorsPerforming input ... Read More

A thread is a lightweight of process. It is a basic unit of CPU utilization which consists of a program counter, a stack, and a set of registers.Given below is the structure of single threaded process −Thread in user spaceNow, let us see how to implement thread in User Space.Step ... Read More

A process is not only a program under execution but it is the active state of the program when it is executing and it has its own Process Control Block.A process requires other resources like memory, CPU, hard disk, and Input/Output, etc.A process has five states as given below −New ... Read More

Every process is represented in the operating system by a process control block also called a task control block.A process control block (PSB) contains many pieces of information and it contains the attributes of a process.Attributes of a processThe attributes of a process includes the following:Process idEvery process is given ... Read More

Shell is a software program that acts as a mediator between the kernel and the user. It reads the commands and interrupts by sending requests to execute a program. So, the shell is known as a command interpreter.It contains almost 100 system calls. It tells the kernel to carry out ... Read More

A thread is a lightweight of process and is a basic unit of CPU utilization which consists of a program counter, a stack, and a set of registers.Given below is the structure of thread in a process −A process has a single thread of control where one program can counter ... Read More

It is one of the simplest forms of I/O where the CPU has to do all the work. This technique is called programmed I/O.Consider a user process that wants to print the Nine-character string ‘‘TUTORIALS’’ on the printer with the help of a serial interface.The software first assembles the string ... Read More

Communication in client-server can communicate using shared memory and message passing.These techniques can be used for communication in client-server systems.Strategies for CommunicationWe can explore three other strategies for communication in client-server systems which are as follows −SocketsA socket is defined as an end point for communication. A pair of processes ... Read More

Shared memory system is the fundamental model of inter process communication. In a shared memory system, in the address space region the cooperating communicate with each other by establishing the shared memory region.Shared memory concept works on fastest inter process communication.If the process wants to initiate the communication and it ... Read More

Inter-process communication is a technique of exchanging data between two or more processes for performing some action on that data. These processes may be present on the same computer or at remote locations.The reasons for Inter-process communication are as follows −Sharing information between processesSpeed up the computation of some processIncreasing ... Read More