Let us discuss about the below two types of message passing systems, which are as follows −Client Server Message PassingConsider an application that you are trying to read data from the filesystem. That means here the application is a client requesting the data from a server. This client or server ... Read More

Whenever the transaction between user and kernel mode is required, a context switch is not necessary; simply a mode transition is not a context switch. Because, depending on the operating system, a context switch may also take place at this time.Let us see the major steps of Context SwitchingThe values ... Read More

Let us begin by understanding what process suspension is.Process suspensionWhenever the processes in main memory are entered into the blocked state, the operating system suspends one process by putting it in the Suspended state and transferring it to disk. The free space present in the memory is used for bringing ... Read More

Let us begin by understanding what a scheduler is.SchedulerIt is used for handling the process and makes scheduling for the process. The main task of the scheduler is to select the process and make order of process, and to decide which process runs first.Types of SchedulersThere are three different types ... Read More

Process control block (PCB) is used by the operating system to store different information about the process including process state, registers, program counter, registers etc. It plays an important role when a context switching happens (the current process is pre-empted by another process with higher priority).The important information stored in ... Read More

Let us understand the privileged instructions in an operating system.Privileged instructionsThese are called machine level instructions that are executed when the processor is in privileged mode.The examples include the following −Shut down the systemChange the contents of a control register.Jump into kernel code.Sending commands to I/O devices.The processor is said ... Read More

The five process states in the Linux kernel are as follows −Running − This is a state where a process is either in running or ready to run. It is the most active state of all. In this state, the process is getting system resources.Interruptible − This state is a ... Read More

Let us begin by understanding the types of process states.Types of Process StatesThere are different types of Process States which are as follows −New − The process is about to be created in this state but not yet created, it is the program which is present in secondary memory that ... Read More

Let us understand what a process state is.Process StatesProcess states are the states in which the process is currently residing. There are basically five states of processes −New − The process is about to be created in this state but not yet created. It is the program which is present ... Read More

Threads that are available at user level are called as user threads. Threads available at kernel level are called kernel threads. User threads are supported above the kernel and are managed without kernel support and kernel threads are supported and managed directly by the operating system.Types of multithreading modelsThe different ... Read More