Push down Automata (PDA) is complement of the PDA that contain Substring bbbStepsMake the PDA for accepting those strings that have conation bbb.Complement it by making non-accepting as accepting and vice versa.Construct PDAYou can construct the PDA as shown below for the (a, b)* languageThe nature of transition format is ... Read More

Let us begin by understanding the concept of deterministic finite automata (DFA) in the theory of computation (TOC).Deterministic Finite Automaton (DFA)In DFA, for each info image, one can decide the state to which the machine will move. Henceforth, it is called Deterministic Automaton.Formal Definition − A Deterministic Finite automata is ... Read More

A Turing machine (TM) is a 7-tuple (Q, ∑, Γ, δ, q0, qaccept , qreject).Where, Q is a finite set of states.∑ is the input alphabet that does not contain the blank symbol t.Γ is the tape alphabet, where t ∈ Γ and ∑ ⊆ Γ.δ: (Q × Γ) → ... Read More

ProblemDesign a TM (Turing Machine) that takes a binary number as an input and replaces the last digit of the string with its Boolean complement.SolutionA Turing machine is a 7-tuple (Q, ∑, Γ, δ, q0, qaccept , qreject)Where, Q is a finite set of states.∑ is the input alphabet that ... Read More

CFL refers to Context Free Language in the theory of computation (TOC). Let us now understand how CFL is closed under Union.CFL is closed under UNIONIf L1 and L2 are CFL’s then L1 U L2 is also CFL.Let L1 and L2 are generated by the Context Free Grammar (CFG).G1=(V1, T1, ... Read More

A Recursively enumerable language is the language that accepts every string otherwise not. If a language that halt on every string, then we call it as recursive language.ProblemWe need to prove that the set of all languages that are not recursively enumerable on {a} is not countable.First let see what ... Read More

ProblemWe have to prove that the cartesian product of a finite number of countable sets is countable.SolutionLet the X1, X2 ,…….. Xn be the countable sets.Yk= X1 * X2 * …….* Xk when k =1……. N). Thus, Yn := X1 * X2 * · · · * XnProofUsing the induction ... Read More

To begin with, let us learn about the P class in the theory of computation (TOC).P-ClassThe class P consists of those problems that are solvable in polynomial time, i.e. these problems can be solved in time O(n k) in the worst-case, where k is constant.These types of problems are called ... Read More

The problems for which we can’t construct an algorithm that can answer the problem correctly in the infinite time are termed as Undecidable Problems in the theory of computation (TOC).A problem is undecidable if there is no Turing machine that will always halt an infinite amount of time to answer ... Read More

A context-free grammar (CFG) consisting of a finite set of grammar rules is a quadruple (V, T, P, S) where, V is a variable (non terminals).T is a set of terminals.P is a set of rules, P: V→ (V ∪ T)*, i.e., the left-hand side of the production rules P ... Read More