Introduction Transcription factors are proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to specific sequences of DNA in a cell’s nucleus. They play an essential role in the process of transcription, which is the first step in the expression of genetic information. In this tutorial, we will explore the different types ... Read More

Introduction The genetic code is the set of rules that determine the correspondence between nucleotide triplets (codons) and the amino acids they specify. In the language of genetics, the Stop codon or termination codon is a nucleotide triplet in mRNA that signals the end of the protein-coding sequence. Stop codons ... Read More

Introduction and History The membrane is an essential component of every living cell, which separates the cell from its external environment and provides a barrier to the free movement of molecules. The discovery of the cell membrane is attributed to the experiments of Robert Hooke and Anton van Leeuwenhoek in ... Read More

Introduction Protein synthesis is a fundamental process that occurs in all living organisms. It involves the production of proteins from the genetic information encoded in DNA. The process of protein synthesis involves multiple steps, one of which is the initiation of translation. The initiation of translation is regulated by a ... Read More

Introduction Transcription is a process that takes place in all living organisms, where genetic information in the form of DNA is converted into a functional molecule of RNA. RNA is a polymer of nucleotides that plays a key role in the synthesis of proteins. Transcription is the first step in ... Read More

Introduction RNA, or Ribonucleic Acid, is a vital molecule in the process of protein synthesis. It serves as the template for the formation of proteins, which are the building blocks of life. RNA is synthesized from DNA, or Deoxyribonucleic Acid, and carries the genetic information from the DNA to the ... Read More

Introduction Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a type of RNA that plays a vital role in protein synthesis. It forms the major structural and functional components of ribosomes, the molecular machines that translate mRNA into proteins. Ribosomes are complex macromolecular assemblies composed of ribosomal RNA and various proteins, and they are ... Read More

Get to Know Reverse Transcriptase Reverse transcriptase is an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase that is capable of synthesizing a complementary DNA strand from an RNA template. The enzyme was first discovered in retroviruses, which are RNA viruses that use reverse transcriptase to convert their RNA genomes into DNA. Reverse transcriptase ... Read More

Introduction The operon concept is a fundamental concept in molecular biology that explains the regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes. The operon concept was first proposed by Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod in 1961, based on their studies of the lac operon in E. coli bacteria. The operon concept describes ... Read More

Introduction Endosomes are essential components of the eukaryotic cell’s endocytic pathway. They are dynamic membrane-bound organelles that are responsible for sorting and transporting materials from the cell surface to various intracellular compartments. Endosomes are classified into several types, each with specific functions and characteristics. In this article, we will ... Read More