Introduction Distillation is a process used to separate and purify different components of a mixture. It is one of the most important techniques used in chemistry, pharmaceuticals, and many other industries. Distillation is based on the principle of differences in boiling points of the components of a mixture. It involves ... Read More

What is Biodegradation Biodegradation is the process by which organic compounds are broken down into simpler, harmless substances by the action of microorganisms. In this process, organic compounds serve as a source of energy and nutrients for microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and algae’s. Biodegradation can occur naturally in the ... Read More

Introduction The field of genetics has revolutionized the way we understand life and its processes. The discovery of DNA, the genetic material that stores and transmits hereditary information, has led to the development of a wide range of technologies and applications that have transformed the way we approach medicine, agriculture, ... Read More

Introduction Biotransformation, also known as biocatalysts or enzyme-catalyzed transformation, is the process of using biological catalysts to modify chemical compounds. This technology has become increasingly important in recent years as a means of producing a wide range of chemical compounds, including pharmaceuticals, flavors, fragrances, and other high-value compounds. Types of ... Read More

Introduction Bioreactors are essential devices in biotechnology for the production of a range of products, including vaccines, antibiotics, biofuels, enzymes, and proteins. Bioreactors are closed systems that provide a controlled environment for the growth of microorganisms or cells. The design of bioreactors depends on the type of product, the type ... Read More

Introduction Bioadsorption is the process of removal of pollutants or toxins from a liquid or gaseous medium using biological materials. It is an effective, economical, and eco-friendly alternative to conventional methods of adsorption. Bioadsorption has been widely studied for its potential applications in wastewater treatment, removal of heavy metals, and ... Read More

Introduction Transgenic plant breeding is a technique that can be used to develop such crop varieties. With the increase in population and decreasing arable land, there is an urgent need to develop new and improved crop varieties that are more productive and resilient to environmental stresses. In this tutorial, we ... Read More

MAS - An Overall Understanding Marker-assisted selection (MAS) is a molecular breeding technique that enables breeders to make informed decisions about which individuals to select for future generations. The approach involves using molecular markers, such as DNA sequence variations or protein polymorphisms, to identify traits that are associated with desirable ... Read More

An Insight Introgression is the transfer of genetic material from one species or population to another through repeated hybridization and backcrossing. This process can occur naturally or as a result of human intervention, and it can have both positive and negative effects on the recipient population. This article summarizes the ... Read More

Introduction Genotyping refers to the process of identifying an individual’s genetic variations. These genetic variations can have a significant impact on an individual's susceptibility to diseases, their response to drugs, and other traits. Genotyping has become an essential tool in many fields, including medicine, forensics, and agriculture. High-throughput genotyping techniques ... Read More