Class variables are variables that are declared outside the__init__method. These are static elements, meaning, they belong to the class rather than to the class instances. These class variables are shared by all instances of that class. Example code for class variables Exampleclass MyClass:   __item1 = 123   __item2 = "abc" ... Read More

Attributes of a classEverything, almost everything in Python is an object. Every object has attributes and methods. Thus attributes are very fundamental in Python. A class is a construct which is a collection of similar objects. A class also has attributes. There will be a difference between the class attributes ... Read More

The io module is now recommended and is compatible with Python 3's open syntax: The following code is used to read and write to unicode(UTF-8) files in PythonExampleimport io with io.open(filename, 'r', encoding='utf8') as f:     text = f.read() # process Unicode text with io.open(filename, 'w', encoding='utf8') as f: ... Read More

The following code gets the number of captured groups using Python regex in given stringExampleimport re m = re.match(r"(\d)(\d)(\d)", "632") print len(m.groups())OutputThis gives the output3

The following code extracts all tags in the given stringExampleimport re rex = re.compile(r'[\]') l = "this is text1 hi this is text2" print rex.findall(l)Output['', '']

The following code uses the Python regex .()dot character for wildcard which stands for any character other than newline.Exampleimport re rex = re.compile('th.s') l = "this, thus, just, then" print rex.findall(l)OutputThis gives the output['this', 'thus']

As per Python documentationIf one wants more information about all matches of a pattern than the matched text, finditer() is useful as it provides match objects instead of strings. If one was a writer who wanted to find all of the adverbs and their positions in some text, he or ... Read More

If we want to extract all numbers/digits  individually from given text we use the following regexExampleimport re s = '12345 abcdf 67' result=re.findall(r'\d', s) print resultOutput['1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7']If we want to extract groups of numbers/digits from given text we use the following regexExampleimport re s = ... Read More

The re.split() methodre.split(pattern, string, [maxsplit=0]):This methods helps to split string by the occurrences of given pattern.Exampleimport re result=re.split(r'a', 'Dynamics') print resultOutput['Dyn', 'mics']Above, we have split the string “Dynamics” by “a”. Method split() has another argument “maxsplit“. It has default value of zero. In this case it does the maximum splits ... Read More

We use re.escape() to escape the special characters −The following code shows how all special characters in given string are escaped using re.escape() method>>> p = '5*(67).89?' >>> re.escape(p) '5\*\(67\)\.89\?'