Introduction The Sons of Liberty organised the Boston Tea Party, a United States politics and business outrage, in Boston, Massachusetts, on December 16, 1773. The May 10, 1773, Tea Act, excluded the British East India Corporation from all tariffs that were enforced by the Townshend Acts and authorized them to sell tea leaves produced in China inside the United States territories. Boston Tea Party Description: Boston, Massachusetts is home to the Boston Tea Party Museum. What was the significance of the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party? At the beginning of 1770, conflicts between both the British and ... Read More

Introduction Artaxerxes I was a king of the Achaemenid Empire, one of the largest and most powerful empires of the ancient world. He ruled from 465 BC to 424 BC, and his reign was marked by several important military, political, and cultural achievements. Artaxerxes I was a member of the Achaemenid dynasty, a family of Persian kings who ruled the empire for nearly three centuries. Succession to the Throne After his death, his son Xerxes II briefly succeeded him on the throne but was soon murdered by his half-brother Sogdianus. Sogdianus' reign was also short-lived as he was killed ... Read More

Introduction Artashat, a city that once stood proud and mighty, now lies in ruins, but its legacy lives on. The city, located near the Arax River in present-day Armenia served as the capital of the Kingdom of Armenia for several centuries. The city's rich history, culture and art, and diverse population made it a melting pot of different customs and traditions. Khor Virap (citadel), Artashat Description-Khor Virap is an Armenian monastery located in the Ararat Plain in Armenia, near the border with Turkey Etymology The name “Artashat” is derived from the Armenian words “Arta” and “shat, ” which together ... Read More

Introduction Witch-hunting and the Catholic Church have a long history together. Witch-hunting was first documented in Europe in the late mediaeval period, but it reached a feverish peak in the 15th and 16th centuries. During this time, members of the Catholic Church were at the forefront of accusing people of witchcraft and assisting in their executions. This occurred through both official inquisitions by Church ecclesiastical bodies and more informal methods such as public opinion polls and public accusations from clergy members. Such methods were used by Church authorities to root out religious dissidents, women who embraced non-traditional gender roles, and ... Read More

Introduction In 1868 the political uprising that ended the military government of the Tokugawa shogunate is known as Meiji Restoration. The aim was to restore imperial power under Mutsuhito, this was the decline of the Edo (Tokugawa) era 1603–1867 in Japanese history (the emperor Meiji). It ended the roughly 700-year period of “samurai, ” “bushi, ” or other traditional Japanese warriors' control, which had its beginnings as early as the 12th century. The emperor was “restored” by the political uprising, but not with direct control. He was supposed to follow the group's recommendations since they overthrew the shôgun. ... Read More

How did the USA emerge? The United States began to emerge as a major power in the early twentieth century due to a combination of industrial and military prowess. Rapidly advancing technology, fuelled by the progressive industrialization of America, allowed for technological advantages both domestically and abroad. This was amplified by two world wars that put US forces at the forefront of global operations, while also bolstering their already impressive economic standing. As this occurred, societal shifts that regarded meritocracy over class stood in full contrast with waning European powers, laying out a foundation for what would become ... Read More

Introduction According to Freedom House, a U.S.-based, advocacy organisation, and various other freedom indices, the Middle Eastern and North African countries with the highest scores are Israel, Tunisia, Turkey, Lebanon, Morocco, Jordan, and Kuwait. Iran, Iraq, and Egypt have all been consistently labelled as 'not free' by Freedom House. They have become increasingly hostile to the concept of liberal democracy, with their scores steadily decreasing; only Iraq has maintained some level of internet freedom among these countries. The remaining Middle Eastern countries are classified as authoritarian regimes, with Saudi Arabia and Yemen receiving the lowest scores. History In the ... Read More

IntroductionDecolonization is defined as a process wherein colonies become independent. But it is not simply about a colony getting independence from the colonizers. It is more about the ‘cultural, psychological, and economic’ freedom of the natives and indigenous population of a country to achieve sovereignty. In some areas, decolonization was peaceful and orderly, while in others, it was followed by a protracted revolution. Even the phase that followed decolonization saw the development of stable governments in some countries, and dictatorship, military juntas, and civil wars in others. How did World War II lead to Decolonization? Scholars affirm that World ... Read More

IntroductionFeudalism was a social and economic system in European countries in the Medieval period between the 5th to 12th centuries. It was a hierarchy of distribution of fief, i.e. a portion of land to vassals. The structure of feudal society is like a pyramid. In this pyramid, the king is at the top, which is followed by the nobles, Barons, Knights, and Peasants at the bottom. Those at the bottom have to pay taxes to overlords of the pyramid. About Feudalism “Feudalism”, or “Feudal system” comes from the Latin word “feudum” which means “fief” i.e. a portion of land and ... Read More

Introduction The Catholic Church in the Middle Ages attempted, promoted, and at times actively commanded a string of religious disputes known as the Crusades. The most notable of such religious battles arose in the Holy Land between the years 1095 and 1291. Its objective has been to rescue the whole of the province from Islamic rule and unleash Jerusalem. Following the First Crusade, which ultimately results in the retaking of Jerusalem in 1099 and was an important milestone in European history for centuries. Four knights leaving their castle in the mountains and going to the crusades, changing the ... Read More