I/O Structure consists of Programmed I/O, Interrupt driven I/O, DMS, CPU, Memory, External devices, these are all connected with the help of Peripheral I/O Buses and General I/O Buses.Different types of I/O Present inside the system are shown below −Programmed I/OIn the programmed I/O when we write the input then the device should be ready to take the data otherwise the program should wait for some time so that the device or buffer will be free then it can take the input.Once the input is taken then it will be checked whether the output device or output buffer is free ... Read More

Let us learn about machine virtualization.Machine VirtualizationThe diagram given below shows the machine virtualization −Operating system virtualizationThe diagram given below shows the operating system virtualization −DifferencesThe major differences between Machine virtualization and operating system virtualization are as follows −Machine virtualizationOperating system virtualizationIt refers to the creation of a virtual machine that acts like a real computer.It is a part of virtualization and is a type of server virtualization.It can be done by extracting the physical hardware with the help of VVM (Virtual Machine Monitor).With OS virtualization nothing is pre installed/ permanently loaded on the local device & no hard-disk drive ... Read More

A virtual machine (VM) is a virtual environment which functions as a virtual computer system with its own CPU, memory, network interface, and storage, created on a physical hardware system.VMs are isolated from the rest of the system, and multiple VMs can exist on a single piece of hardware, like a server. That means, it as a simulated image of application software and operating system which is executed on a host computer or a server.It has its own operating system and software that will facilitate the resources to virtual computers.Characteristics of virtual machinesThe characteristics of the virtual machines are as ... Read More

Let us understand what multiprogramming is.MultiprogrammingIt is the ability of an operating system which executes more than one program on a single processor machine. More than one task or program can store or reside into the main memory at one point of time.In this concept the CPU executes some part of one program, and then continues with another part of the program, and so on. Because of this process, the CPU will never go into the idle state unless there is no process ready to execute at the time of Context Switching.The diagram given below depicts the multiprogramming −AdvantagesThe advantages ... Read More

In embedded system, real time means the following −The system responds to an event or request within timing constraints.System must use a real time operating system, that system can interrupt a running task.The system must be predictable. The system guarantees that important tasks get run in fixed time constraints.Real time systems work in time constraints and provide estimated time for critical situations.Embedded systems provide specific functions in a large operating system.TasksGenerally, the tasks in the system are said to be fully pre-emptive and that are used to communicate with the rest of the system via data read at the beginning ... Read More

An operating system is the interface between the user and the machine which controls and coordinates the use of the hardware among the various application programs for the various users. Operating System as Extended Machine Let us understand how the operating system works as an Extended Machine. At the Machine level the structure of a computer’s system is complicated to program, mainly for input or output. Programmers do not deal with hardware. They will always mainly focus on implementing software. Therefore, a level of abstraction is supposed ... Read More

An Embedded OS is a resource-efficient and reliable Operating System designed for embedded computer systems. Each of the Embedded OS is expected or designed specially to perform a specific task. It is limited to the given hardware or the particular device.CharacteristicsThe characteristics of the embedded operating systems are as follows −All Embedded Systems are task specific. They mostly do a particular task on loop/repeatedly for their entire lifetime.All embedded systems are designed to execute their task within a particular time interval, and thus they have to be fast enough to be up to their time limit.They have little or no ... Read More

An operating system manages the resources like disk drives, memory and processors. Any device inside the computer is managed by the operating system. The operating system manages running applications or programs, called processes.The different hardware and software resources are as follows −Processor(s)Memory (RAM)Hard Disk StorageRemovable MediaSoftwareInput DevicesNow, let us see how Windows manages its hardware and software resources.Windows is itself software we usually call it as an operating system or system software. Windows manages the computer’s memory, internal CPU process and all of its application software and hardware.Generally speaking, what is an Operating system: An OS is an interface between ... Read More

Microsoft Windows has had nine major versions since its first release in 1985.Original Windows 1It was released in November 1985. It was the first true attempt at a graphical user interface in 16-bit.Windows 2Two years after Windows 1, Microsoft released Windows 2 in December 1987. Microsoft Excel and Word also made their first appearance running on Windows 2. It has the ability to minimize or maximize windows instead of Zooming.Windows 3It was released in 1990. The first windows that required a hard drive launched in 1990. This is the first windows that stand challenging to Apple’s Macintosh. It has the ... Read More

The different types of mobile operating system are as follows −Android OS (Open source)Android Operating System is one of the popular software developed by Android Inc Company. It’s an excellent rise because it was created just in 2008.The question is − Where can we download Android Apps?If you've got the Android-based phone you'll realize Google Play, the Android market, where you'll find tons of applications for this OS. It’s about 700 000 apps there.Features of Android OSThe features of Android OS are as follows −The interface of Android was developed in order to fulfil all user requirements.You can decorate your ... Read More