Introduction After the death of the prophet Muhammad (the last messenger of Islam) in 632 AD, the authority of the Muslim world came into the hands of the Rashidun caliphate, the four Rashidun caliphate Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali ruled the Muslim world for 30 years. After various political disagreements, the Umayyad dynasty came into being and ruled the Muslim world until 750 AD. Muawiya Talking to Sea Moustafa Farroukh, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons The rule of Ummayads started with the caliph Muawiya one of the companions of the prophet Muhammad, the Muawiya came into power by ... Read More

Introduction In the early years of Muslim rule in the Arab, the ruler was referred to as the Sultan because he held the authority and sovereignty. But with the coming of Seljugh sultans in 1055-1152, the word was converted into a title given to the supreme rulers. The caliph who was considered successors of the Prophet lost their importance during this period due to the split in their followers, which paved the way for the rising of several dynasties and the ultimate decline of the caliphate under Muslim rule. Although the first sultanate was established in 961, it was consolidated ... Read More

Introduction At the beginning of the 16th century, the population gradually grew up and people required more food and shelter. Seeing the rise in population, kings decided to occupy more land and make forest areas habitable and suitable for agriculture. People in Bengal began moving from the less fertile regions of west Bengal to the marshy lands of southeastern Bengal. The marshy land was suitable for the cultivation of rice and perfect for fisheries. People from different places, fishermen and different tribes started migrating to those regions. At the same time, the Mughals made Dhaka their capital and lands were ... Read More

Introduction Pastorals are the nomads or shepherds who travelled from one place to another in search of food and shelter. They have a very long history and modifications in their living style. In the beginning their main occupation was herding and pastoralism. Generally, they live in a particular area like mountains and in need of their livelihood they come to plains, after the fulfilment of their news they go back to their original habitat. World has witnessed a number of pastorals in different spheres of area. .In lowland areas and valleys it is important to graze and protect sheep and ... Read More

Introduction A person who chooses herding and guarding sheep as their occupation is known as Pastoral. Pastoralism is one of the oldest occupations in the world, it is the most popular part of animal husbandry in the world. Pastoral is an important part of the economy. Unlike farmers, Pastoral workers were often wage workers who were paid to look after the sheep of others. The Pastoral also lived separately from the society due to being largely nomadic. Pastoralists in the Modern World Pastoralists developed as an occupation developed in various parts of the world. In lowland areas and valleys it ... Read More

Introduction The concept of modernization refers to the transition of traditional and primitive societies into modern ones in terms of urbanization, secularization, and industrialization. It is a continuous process. As far as modernization in Korea is concerned, South Korea witnessed astonishing economic development via highly structured industrialization. Innovation and technology are the main ingredients in the modernization of South Korea. According to the Research, its GDP is even more than the USA and Japan. In the 20th century, South Korea was an underdeveloped country that depended on agrarian nature and mainly relied on help from foreign countries. In the 1960s ... Read More

Introduction China has seen substantial transformation in the nineteenth century, as well as a more recent phase of fast modernisation that began in the 1980s. Appropriately, , there have been notable social, cultural, and economic changes that have an impact on Chinese people's daily life. Modernization is a necessary and universal process with a long history. Additionally, technological and economic modernization are required of nations that seek to adjust to external conditions and strive for high levels of development in order to be competitive on the global arena. The danger to China's independence in the late 19th century had an ... Read More

Introduction The diversification across India in different sectors like music, culture, religion, regions, beliefs, etc is just unmatchable. And one of the aspects of our diversity lies in the dance forms prevalent across Bharat. Presently there are eight major classical dance forms in India- Bharatnatyam, Kuchipudi, Kathak, Kathakali, Odissi, Sattriya, Mohiniattam, and Manipuri. These dances are used to portray the rich cultural and historical traditions of different regions. Apart from classical dances, hundreds of other traditional dance forms are practiced across the country. Kathak Group Performance Suyash Dwivedi, CC BY-SA 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons Kathak is one of ... Read More

Introduction Hunter-gather societies refer to the primitive group of people. When humans evolved on Earth, they did not know how to produce food, therefore, they used to feed themselves with things in their ways such as plants, fruit, and animals. Hence, they came to be called “hunter-gatherers”. The coming of the Neolithic Age, when humans began to domesticate animals and farm, marked the end of humans nomadic lifestyle of humans. Internet Archive Book Images, No restrictions, via Wikimedia Commons How hunter-gatherers mostly lived in groups (initially small which later became large), then acquired the concept of several family units. ... Read More

Introduction From the late 12th century, the city-states in Italy started to grow and there were many changes seen in society. Italy became the first country to have universities in Europe. It became a hub for culture and education. Some famous centres for education were the University of Bologna and Padua. University of Bologna Benoit Soubeyran, CC BY-SA 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons The main occupation in the city-state was trade and business and for that people needed lawyers and legal advisors who could form the documents and agreements and do the paperwork for the business. Law was the ... Read More