Introduction Artaxerxes I was a king of the Achaemenid Empire, one of the largest and most powerful empires of the ancient world. He ruled from 465 BC to 424 BC, and his reign was marked by several important military, political, and cultural achievements. Artaxerxes I was a member of the Achaemenid dynasty, a family of Persian kings who ruled the empire for nearly three centuries. Succession to the Throne After his death, his son Xerxes II briefly succeeded him on the throne but was soon murdered by his half-brother Sogdianus. Sogdianus' reign was also short-lived as he was killed ... Read More

Introduction Artashat, a city that once stood proud and mighty, now lies in ruins, but its legacy lives on. The city, located near the Arax River in present-day Armenia served as the capital of the Kingdom of Armenia for several centuries. The city's rich history, culture and art, and diverse population made it a melting pot of different customs and traditions. Khor Virap (citadel), Artashat Description-Khor Virap is an Armenian monastery located in the Ararat Plain in Armenia, near the border with Turkey Etymology The name “Artashat” is derived from the Armenian words “Arta” and “shat, ” which together ... Read More

Introduction Witch-hunting and the Catholic Church have a long history together. Witch-hunting was first documented in Europe in the late mediaeval period, but it reached a feverish peak in the 15th and 16th centuries. During this time, members of the Catholic Church were at the forefront of accusing people of witchcraft and assisting in their executions. This occurred through both official inquisitions by Church ecclesiastical bodies and more informal methods such as public opinion polls and public accusations from clergy members. Such methods were used by Church authorities to root out religious dissidents, women who embraced non-traditional gender roles, and ... Read More

Introduction In 1868 the political uprising that ended the military government of the Tokugawa shogunate is known as Meiji Restoration. The aim was to restore imperial power under Mutsuhito, this was the decline of the Edo (Tokugawa) era 1603–1867 in Japanese history (the emperor Meiji). It ended the roughly 700-year period of “samurai, ” “bushi, ” or other traditional Japanese warriors' control, which had its beginnings as early as the 12th century. The emperor was “restored” by the political uprising, but not with direct control. He was supposed to follow the group's recommendations since they overthrew the shôgun. ... Read More

Beginning of the primates All primates have evolved from a common ancestor through the process of adaptive radiation. Primates are the most advanced group of animals belonging to Kingdom Animalia. The Cenozoic era saw the commencement of Primates and the decline of the Dinosaurs, hence this era is also known as the ‘Age of Mammals’. The main reason for the evolution of mammals and the decline of dinosaurs is the radical climatic and geographical changes occurring during that time. Changes in temperature, vegetation cover, behavioural changes, etc. all lead to the evolution of mammals. Such changes favoured the growth, development, ... Read More

Introduction Social stratification refers to how society is divided into different layers or classes based on factors such as wealth, power, and prestige. It is a central concept in sociology and is closely related to issues of social inequality and social mobility. In this article, we will explore the various theories that have been developed to understand the nature and characteristics of social stratification and examine the key elements that make up the stratified structure of society. Figure : Concept of Social Stratification What is Social Stratification Social stratification refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals or ... Read More

IntroductionThe search for social science in the nineteenth century served as the foundation for both anthropology and sociology. Sociology and sociocultural anthropology both have a theoretical foundation in the ongoing struggle between the need for a generalisation, rule-seeking science, and the need for a humanistic reflection on particular lives. Social-cultural anthropology explores human cultures over time and place to understand the shared characteristics. Major branches of anthropology The study of what makes people human is known as anthropology. Holism refers to anthropologists' comprehensive approach to comprehending the many distinct elements of the human experience. Anthropology is divided into four branches ... Read More

Introduction Shamanism is regarded as the world’s oldest religious practice originated among hunter-gatherer societies and persisted in some herding and farming societies. The word shamanism is derived from Manchu Tungus word šaman (Tungus religious practitioner) in which ša means to know, thus in literal meaning shaman is one who knows. Shamans form a personalistic relation with the spirit through ACS (altered state of consciousness) known as soul journey through which he derives power to heal the sick, communicate with spirits to benefit their community, influence spirits, and escort the dead to their final destination. Figure 1: Woman shaman ... Read More

Introduction The Kabwe cranium, also known as the Broken Hill cranium, is a fossilised human (genus Homo) head that was discovered in 1921 not far from Kabwe, Zambia (then Broken Hill, Northern Rhodesia). It was the first premodern Homo fossil found in Africa. Along with a jaw fragment, a sacrum, and pieces of the pelvis and limb bones, a nearly complete skull was also discovered. The fossils were originally given the scientific designation H. rhodesiensis and are often referred to as Rhodesian man. Composition The great flat maxillaries, which lack canine fossa, are particularly comparable to the great flat ... Read More

Introduction The notion of reflexivity in the works of anthropologists and ethnographers was developed during the 1960s and 1970s and grew in the 1980s-1990s as an ethnographic writing form with distinct characteristics. In the context of anthropological research and writing, reflexivity is an important aspect as it emphasises on self-reference. An anthropological study can never be scientific only, it also takes into account the reflection of mind or as oneself. All of a researcher’s work is dependent upon their careful note taking and their success is determined by their way of writing with an intent to impress and influence What ... Read More