A message authentication code is a block of a few bytes that can be used to authenticate a message. The receiver can test this block and be definite that the message hasn't been changed by the third party.A family of cryptographic functions that is parameterized by a symmetric key. Each functions can facilitate on input data (known as “message”) of variable length to create an output value of a definite length. The output value is known as the MAC of the input message.An approved MAC algorithm is normal to satisfy the following property (for each of its provided security levels): ... Read More

The spatial domain define the image in the form of pixels. The spatial domain watermarking embeds the watermark by changing the intensity and the colour value of some preferred pixels.The spatial domain watermarking is simpler and its calculating speed is high than transform domain but it is less powerful against attacks. The spatial domain techniques can be simply used to any image.There are various techniques of spatial domain watermarking which are as follows −Least Significant Bit (LSB) − The LSB is the easiest spatial domain watermarking technique to insert a watermark in the least significant bits of some randomly selected ... Read More

MAC stands for Message Authentication Code. It is also defined as a tag. It is used to authenticate the origin and characteristics of a message. MACs use authentication cryptography to check the legitimacy of information sent through a network or shared from one person to another.MAC provides that the message is appearing from the correct sender, has not been modified, and that the information transferred over a network or saved in or outside a system is legitimate and does not include harmful code. MACs can be saved on a hardware security structure, a device used to handle responsive digital keys.A ... Read More

There are various application of digital watermarking which are as follows −Broadcast Monitoring − Advertisers need to provide that they receive all of the air time which they buy from broadcasters. A non-technical approach in which human observation can be used to watch the broadcast and verify the originality by viewing or hearing is an error prone and expensive. Therefore, there should be an autorecognition system, which can save the identification codes to the broadcast.There are several techniques like cryptography that save the recognition code in the file header but the information is unlikely to survive any type of conversion ... Read More

There are some application of RSA Algorithm are as follows −RSA algorithm is asymmetric cryptography algorithm as it operate on two different keys such as public key and private key. The public key is likely to everyone, and private key remains private. The public key includes two numbers, one of which is a multiplication of two large prime numbers.The RSA algorithm is based on the complexity included in the factorization of large numbers. The RSA algorithm depends on the fact that there is no effective method to factor very large numbers. Therefore, it can deducing an RSA key would take ... Read More

Steganography is also represented as the art and science of hiding data by embedding messages within apparently harmless messages. Steganography works by restoring bits of useless or unused information in regular computer files. This hidden data can be plaintext or ciphertext and even images.Steganography hides the covert message but not the fact that two parties are connecting with each other. The steganography procedure frequently includes locating a hidden message in some transport medium, known as the carrier.The secret message is embedded in the carrier to form the steganography channel. The need of a steganography key can be employed for encryption ... Read More

The security of RSA are as follows −Plain text attacks −The plain-text attacks are classified into three subcategories are as follows −Short message attack − In the short message attack, it can consider that attacker knows some blocks of plain text. If this assumption is true, the attackers can try encrypting each plain-text block to view if it results into the known cipher-text.Therefore, it can avoid this short-message attack, it is suggested that it can pad the plain text before encrypting it.Cycling attack −In this attacker suppose that the cipher text was acquired by doing some permutation on the plain-text ... Read More

Steganalysis is the technology that tries to defeat steganography by detecting the hidden data and extracting or destroying it. Steganalysis is the procedure of detecting steganography by viewing at variances between bit patterns and unusually high file sizes. It is the art of finding and rendering meaningless covert messages.The main objective of steganalysis is to recognize suspected data streams, determine whether or not they have hidden messages encoded into them, and, if applicable, recover the hidden data.Steganalysis generally begins with several suspect data streams but uncertainty whether any of these include hidden message.The steganalyst starts by decreasing the group of ... Read More

Steganography is the art of hiding data and an effort to hide the existence of the embedded data. It serves as a superior method of securing message than cryptography which only hide the content of the message not the existence of the message.Original message is being unseen within a carrier such that the changes so appeared in the carrier are not apparent. There are various uses of steganography is as follows −Steganography can be a solution which creates it applicable to send news and data without being censored and without the fear of the messages being prevented and traced back ... Read More

Steganography tools are used to hide document within several forms of data. These are the tools needed to implement steganography. It can operate with steganography in sound and images with the benefit of S-Tools.By using S-Tools, it can hide several files in one object. The files are first individually compressed and saved with their names. Thus, S-Tools can precede the stored data with some random garbage, so as to create decryption tough.After this, the sender select a “passphrase”, which is the key to the decryption. According to the passphrase, the entire lot is encrypted. All encryption operate in what is ... Read More