There are various types of hashing are as follows − RIPEMD − RIPEMD was produced in Europe as an element of RIPE project in 96 by researcher included in attacks on MD4/5. It is same as MD5/SHA and uses two parallel lines of 5 round of 16 steps. It makes a 160-bit hash value. It is slower but possibly more secure than SHA. MD5 − An MD5 hash function encodes a string of data and encodes it into a 128-bit fingerprint. MD5 is generally used as a checksum to check data integrity. MD5 is also called as suffer from expanded hash collision ... Read More

A hashing algorithm is a mathematical algorithm that transform an input data array of a specific type and arbitrary length to an output bit string of a fixed length.Hashing algorithms take any input and transform it to a uniform message by utilizing a hashing table.There are some popular hashing algorithm are as follows −MD5 − MD5 stands for message-digest algorithm. It is a cryptographic protocol used for authenticating messages and content verification and digital signatures. MD5 is based on a hash function that verifies a file and it can sent matches the file received by the person it can sent ... Read More

A modern block cipher is a cipher which encrypts m-bit block of plaintext and decrypts m-bit block of ciphertext. For encryption or decryption, modern block cipher facilitate a K bit key and the decryption algorithm should be inverse of encryption algorithms and for both encryption and decryption similar key is used.A block cipher works on a plaintext block of n bits to make a cipher text block of n bits. There are possible multiple plaintext blocks and, for the encryption to be reversible (i.e., for decryption to be applicable), each should create a unique cipher text block. Such transformation is ... Read More

Hashing is the procedure of interpreting a given key into a code. A hash function is used to substitute the data with a freshly produced hash code. Furthermore, hashing is the practice of taking a string or input key, a variable generated for saving narrative information, and defining it with a hash value, which is generally decided by an algorithm and create a much shorter string than the original.Hashing is generally a one-way cryptographic function. Because hashes are irreversible, understanding the output of a hashing method does not enable us to regenerate the contents of a file. It allows us ... Read More

A stream cipher encrypts a continuous string of binary numbers by using timevarying transformations on plaintext information. Therefore, this kind of encryption operates bit-by-bit, using keystreams to create ciphertext for arbitrary lengths of plain text messages.The cipher combines a key (128/256 bits) and a nonce digit (64-128 bits) to create the keystream and a pseudorandom number XORed with the plaintext to create ciphertext.While the key and the nonce can be reutilized, the keystream has to be unique for each encryption redundancy to provide security. Stream encryption ciphers implement this using feedback shift registers to make a unique nonce (number used ... Read More

HashingHashing is a cryptographic procedure that can be used to check the authenticity and integrity of several types of input. It is broadly used in authentication systems to prevent storing plaintext passwords in databases, but it can also used to check files, documents and different types of data. Inadequate use of hashing functions can lead to serious data breaches, but not using hashing to secure sensitive information in the first place is poor.Hashing functions are not reversible. The output of a hashing function is a fixed-length string of characters known as hash value, digest or directly a hash. These are ... Read More

A block cipher is a symmetric cryptographic algorithm that works on a constant-size block of information using a shared, private key. Plaintext can be used during the encryption, and the resulting encrypted text is known as ciphertext. The similar key can be used for both the encryption of the plaintext and the decryption of the ciphertext.There are different modes of operations in block cipher which are as follows −Electronic Code Book (ECB) Mode − This is the easiest mode. In this mode, the plain text is breaked into a block where each block is 64 bits. Thus each block is ... Read More

Hashing is the procedure of interpreting a given key into a code. A hash function can be used to substitute the data with a newly created hash code. More categorically, hashing is the practice of creating a string or input key, a variable created for saving narrative information, and defining it with a hash value, which is generally decided by an algorithm and constitutes a much shorter string than the original.The hash table will produce a list where all value pairs are saved and simply accessed through its index. The result is an approach for accessing key values in a ... Read More

A block cipher is a set of encryption where plain text is first breaked into several blocks, each with a fixed size. Essentially, each block has the similar number of data bits. At any given time, the encryption procedure work on an individual block of plain text and uses the encryption key to transfer it into a block of ciphertext.Each block is of the similar size (such as 64 bits). For example, a 160-bit plain text is encoded into 2 blocks of 64-bits each, while the third block will have the remaining balance of 32 bits. It will be padded ... Read More

Playfair is a substitution cipher. Playfair cipher was originally invented by Charles Wheatstone in 1854 but it bears the name of Lord Playfair because he assisted the need of this method.Playfair ciphers are an approach of block cipher and the ciphertext character that restore a specific plaintext character in the encryption will rely upon in an element on an contiguous character in the plaintext.Encryption is adept using a square array of characters, built from the encryption key. Because the group of plaintext characters is the 26-letter English alphabet. This array would be 5 × 5, with 2 of the 26 ... Read More