Web scraping is the process of extracting data from websites. It involves parsing HTML or XML code and extracting relevant information from it. Scrapy is a popular Python−based web scraping framework that allows you to easily build web scrapers to extract structured data from websites. Scrapy provides a robust and efficient framework for building web crawlers that can extract data from websites and store it in various formats. One of the key features of Scrapy is its ability to parse and store data using custom Item classes. These Item classes define the structure of the data that will be extracted ... Read More

Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a popular data exchange format used in many applications. It provides a standardised way of representing data that can be easily understood by both humans and machines. In many cases, it is necessary to convert data stored in Python lists to XML format for various purposes, such as data exchange or storage. In this article, we will explore different approaches for converting Python lists to XML format using Python's built−in libraries. Below are the two different approaches that we can use to convert Python lists to XML in points. Using ElementTree library Import ... Read More

In order to make sure that the data is accurate, trustworthy, and appropriate for the intended analysis, cleaning the data is a crucial step in any data analysis or data science endeavour. The data cleaning functions in Pyspark, like dropna, make it a potent tool for working with big datasets. The dropna function in Pyspark allows you to remove rows from a DataFrame that contain missing or null values. Missing or null values can occur in a DataFrame for various reasons, such as incomplete data, data entry errors, or inconsistent data formats. Removing these rows can help ensure the quality ... Read More

Steady Flow Energy Equation (SFEE) is the application of conservation of energy on to an open system. Figure shown below is a schematic of open system in which fluid enters at 𝑖 and exits at 𝑒. The red broken line represents the control surface (CS) of the control volume (CV). The inlet and exit parameters are mentioned in the table shown below − Parameter Inlet Exit Pressure pi pe Velocity Vi Ve Density Pi Pe Specific volume vi ve Enthalpy hi he Area Ai Ae ... Read More

Simpson's rule is a very powerful tool to perform numerical integration. To maximise accuracy while requiring fewer divisions, Simpson's rules calculate the integrals using weighting factors. The trapezoidal rule only considers two points, 𝑥𝑖 and 𝑥𝑖+1, to estimate a trapezoid's area, but Simpson's rules use more than two points (or many strips) in each round (refer figure shown below). The values of 𝑓(𝑥) at the various points are updated by weighing various criteria in order to decrease the error Simpson’s 1/3 Rule This approach calculates the area of two strips simultaneously, so three different values of "x" are taken ... Read More

We know that Python is a programming language used for accomplishing various tasks in fields such as Data Analysis, AI, Machine Learning and so on. And obviously, there are different modules with special functions which help us to do the job. Similarly, Python code is made to interact with a PostgreSQL database using a module known as the “Psycopg2 module”. It is a popular PostgreSQL database adapter for Python. This module provides us with a set of functions and classes that help us with database connectivity, result handling as well as query execution. Key Features of ... Read More

As we know, Python is a language widely used for Data Science and Data Analytics. Alongside libraries such as NumPy and Pandas, Plotly is another such library to represent given data in charts and graphs of all sorts. Let’s learn more about this library! Why a whole library exists in Python just for the sake of Data Representation? Many might think of representing some data in a graph is simple, but that isn’t simple at all! For small amounts of data, it is a somewhat easy task to plot graphs manually. But when dealing with large amounts ... Read More

We know that NSE (National Stock Exchange of India Limited) is the leading stock exchange of India. It is situated in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It was established back in 1992 as the first ever dematerialized exchange of the country. As NSE contains data which can be used for further analysis, there is a library in Python which can help with just that. The library is known as 'nsetools' library. Uses of the NSE tools Module This library can be used in various projects which requires live updates of a certain index, stock or to create even ... Read More

A well-liked and efficient open-source Python GUI (Graphical User Interface) toolkit is wxPython. It helps programmers create native applications with a native feel and look for numerous operating systems, including Windows, macOS, and Linux. The wxWidgets C++ library provides a variety of dependable & adaptable tools for developing graphical user interfaces (GUIs), and is the foundation upon which WxPython is based. Anyone is welcome to use the module without charge since open-source software enables public access and open alteration of the original source code. With wxPython, Python may be used to create feature-rich, intuitive applications for a variety of purposes, ... Read More

An effective library for working with picture data in Python is called Python Pillow. Users may open, edit, and save photographs in a variety of formats. You can open a picture in Pillow, access its characteristics like size and format, and then either show or save the altered version. You may change the size, rotate the image, trim it, add filters, and enhance the colours. Pillow is adaptable for image processing applications since it supports a broad variety of picture formats. Pillow offers a user-friendly interface and thorough documentation to meet all of your image processing requirements, whether they include ... Read More