To create a .pyc file in Python, use the PyCompile. The official documentation even suggests the same as shown below − The py_compile module The py_compile module provides a function to generate a byte-code file from a source file, and another function used when the module source file is invoked as a script. The py_compile.compile() compile a source file to byte-code and write out the byte-code cache file. Now, let us see the example import py_compile py_compile.compile("demo.py") Use the py_compile.main() import py_compile py_compile.main(['File1.py', 'File2.py', 'File3.py']) The compileall module The compileall module provides some utility functions to support ... Read More

To make an executable from a Python script, you need to install the PyInstaller library. Install the PyInstaller Library To install the PyInstaller library, use the pip in Python. Type the below command on Command Prompt and press Enter − pip install pyinstaller Our Python Script Let’s say we have the following Python Script, wherein we have displayed checkbox using Tkinter. Our file Demo.py is saved on the Desktop with the path − C:\Users\hp\Desktop\Demo.py Example Here’s the code of Demo.py. import tkinter from tkinter import * top = tkinter.Tk() CheckVar1 = IntVar() CheckVar2 = IntVar() C1 = ... Read More

The coding standards i.e., the style guide for Python are provided by a document called PEP8. The PEP8 is Python Enhancement Proposal 8. It is a document that provides coding conventions for the Python code. Here’s the style guide − Naming Conventions The following are the currently recommended naming standard. Avoid These Names Never use the characters ‘l’ (lowercase letter el), ‘O’ (uppercase letter oh), or ‘I’ (uppercase letter eye) as single character variable names. Package and Module Names Modules should have short, all-lowercase names. Underscores can be used in the module name if it improves readability. Python packages should ... Read More

To test a Python program, use the unittest module in Pygthon. The doctest and unittest modules or third-party test frameworks can be used to construct exhaustive test suites that exercise every line of code in a module. The doctest module The doctest module searches for pieces of text that look like interactive Python sessions, and then executes those sessions to verify that they work exactly as shown. The unittest module The unittest module supports test automation, sharing of setup and shutdown code for tests, aggregation of tests into collections, and independence of the tests from the reporting framework. Before moving ... Read More

Python allow commas at the end of lists and tuples. It is optional and makes the items more readable and you can reorder the items without getting any error. You don’t need to remember again and again to add a trailing comma after every item, if you add a comma in the end. Let’s see some examples − Lists Example In this example, we will add a trailing comma in the List and there won’t be any error − # Creating a List myList = ["Jacob", "Harry", "Mark", "Anthony", ] # Displaying the List print("List = ", myList) ... Read More

The colon is required for all these keywords, if, while, def, class, etc in Python to enhance readability. The colon makes it easier for editors with syntax highlighting i.e. they can look for colons to decide when indentation needs to be increased. Let’s see an example of an if statement − if a == b print(a) And, if a == b: print(a) The 2nd example is easier to read, understand and indent. This makes the usage of colon quite popular. The def and if keyword example We have an if statement in ... Read More

Python definitely has a with statement. It wraps the execution of a block, calling code on the entrance and exit from the block. Some languages have a construct like the below − with obj: a = 1 total = total + 1 The above a = 1 is equivalent to the following − obj.a = 1 And, total = total + 1 is equivalent to − obj.total = obj.total + 1 Programming Languages use static or dynamic types. Static Type Static refers to the execution of a program where type of object is ... Read More

The r in r-strings means raw strings. String literals may optionally be prefixed with a letter 'r' or 'R'; such strings are called raw strings and use different rules for interpreting backslash escape sequences. When an 'r' or 'R' prefix is present, a character following a backslash is included in the string without change, and all backslashes are left in the string. For example, the string literal r"" consists of two characters − a backslash and a lowercase 'n'. String quotes can be escaped with a backslash, but the backslash remains in the string; for example, r""" is ... Read More

Yes, there is no goto statement in Python. Let us first understand what is a goto in C Language. However, the usage of goto is also discouraged in C. The goto statement in C programming provides an unconditional jump from the 'goto' to a labelled statement in the same function. Following is the syntax − goto label; .. . label: statement; Example Let us now see a C program for goto − #include int main () { int a = 10; LOOP:do { if( a == 15) { /* skip the iteration */ a = a + 1; goto LOOP; } printf("a = %d", a); a++; }while( a

Let us first see what is an interface spec. The interface spec is an interface specification for a module provided by programming languages such as C++ and Java. It describes the prototypes for the methods and functions of the module. The abc module The abc module introduced in Python 2.6 to define Abstract Base Classes (ABCs). Use the isinstance() and issubclass() to check whether an instance or a class implements a particular Abstract Base Class. With that, the collections.abc module defines a set of useful ABCs such as Iterable, Container, and MutableMapping. The collections module has classes that derive from ... Read More