In Python, a list is an ordered sequence that can hold several object types such as integer, character, or float. In other programming languages, a list is equivalent to an array. In this article, we are going to append the list to another list(Concatenate Lists) in Python. The following are the different methods to accomplish this task − Using Concatenation(+) Operator Using the append method of the list object Using extend() Method Using itertools.chain() Method Obtain a list without duplicates Assume we have taken a list containing some elements. We will return the concatenated list of the given ... Read More

The getattr() methodThe getattr() method returns the value of the named attribute of an object. If not found, it returns the default value provided to the function.SyntaxThe syntax of getattr() method is −getattr(object, name[, default])The getattr() method can take multiple parameters −The getattr() method returns −value of the named attribute of the given objectdefault, if no named attribute is foundAttributeError exception, if named attribute is not found and default is not definedThe setattr() methodThe setattr() method sets the value of given attribute of an object.SyntaxThe syntax of setattr() method is −setattr(object, name, value)The setattr() method takes three parameters −The setattr() ... Read More

Python delattr()The delattr() deletes an attribute from the object if the object allows it.SyntaxThe syntax of delattr() is −delattr(object, name)The delattr() method takes two parameters −The delattr() doesn't return any value (returns None). It only removes an attribute (if object allows it).Exampleclass Coordinate:   x = 12   y = -7   z = 0 point1 = Coordinate() print('x = ', point1.x) print('y = ', point1.y) print('z = ', point1.z) delattr(Coordinate, 'z') print('--After deleting z attribute--') print('x = ', point1.x) print('y = ', point1.y) # Raises Error ... Read More

The setattr() methodThe setattr() method sets the value of given attribute of an object.SyntaxThe syntax of setattr() method is −setattr(object, name, value)The setattr() method takes three parameters −The setattr() method returns None.Exampleclass Male:     name = 'Abel' x = Male() print('Before modification:', x.name) # setting name to 'Jason' setattr(x, 'name', 'Jason') print('After modification:', x.name)OutputThis gives the output('Before modification:', 'Abel') ('After modification:', 'Jason')

The hasattr() method in PythonThe hasattr() method returns true if an object has the given named attribute and false if it does not.SyntaxThe syntax of hasattr() method is −hasattr(object, name)The hasattr() is called by getattr() to check to see if AttributeError is to be raised or not.The hasattr() method takes two parameters −The hasattr() method returns −True, if object has the given named attributeFalse, if object has no given named attributeExampleclass Male:     age = 21     name = 'x' x = Male() print('Male has age?:', hasattr(x, 'age')) print('Male has salary?:', hasattr(x, 'salary'))OutputThis gives the output('Male has age?:', ... Read More

Python getattr()The getattr() method returns the value of the named attribute of an object. If not found, it returns the default value provided to the function.SyntaxThe syntax of getattr() method is −getattr(object, name[, default])The getattr() method can take multiple parameters −The getattr() method returns −value of the named attribute of the given objectdefault, if no named attribute is foundAttributeError exception, if named attribute is not found and default is not definedExampleclass Male:     age = 21     name = "Abel" x = Male() print('The age is:', getattr(x, "age")) print('The age is:', x.age)OutputThis gives the output('The age is:', 21) ... Read More

Class variables vs Instance VariablesAll variables outside the class __init__ function in Python are class variables while those inside the same are instance variables. The difference between the class variables and instance variables is understood better by examining the code belowExampleclass MyClass:     stat_elem = 456     def __init__(self):         self.object_elem = 789 c1 = MyClass() c2 = MyClass() # Initial values of both elements >>> print c1.stat_elem, c1.object_elem 456 789 >>> print c2.stat_elem, c2.object_elem 456 789 # Let's try changing the static element MyClass.static_elem = 888 >>> print c1.stat_elem, c1.object_elem 888 789 >>> print ... Read More

Class variables are variables that are declared outside the__init__method. These are static elements, meaning, they belong to the class rather than to the class instances. These class variables are shared by all instances of that class. Example code for class variables Exampleclass MyClass:   __item1 = 123   __item2 = "abc"   def __init__(self):     #pass or something elseYou'll understand more clearly with more code −class MyClass:     stat_elem = 456     def __init__(self):         self.object_elem = 789 c1 = MyClass() c2 = MyClass() # Initial values of both elements >>> print c1.stat_elem, c1.object_elem 456 ... Read More

In this article, we will show you how to declare an attribute in python without a value. In Python, as well as in several other languages, there is a value that means "no value". In Python, that value with no value is None, let us see how it is used. You simply cannot. Variables are just names in Python. A name always refers to an object ("is bound"). It is conventional to set names that do not yet have a meaningful value but should be present to None. Method 1: By Initializing them with None Directly We can directly assign ... Read More

Attributes of a classEverything, almost everything in Python is an object. Every object has attributes and methods. Thus attributes are very fundamental in Python. A class is a construct which is a collection of similar objects. A class also has attributes. There will be a difference between the class attributes and instance attributes. The class attributes are shared by the instances of the class but it not true vice versa.ExampleWe can get a list of the attributes of an object using the built-in “dir” function. For example −>>> s = 'abc' >>> len(dir(s)) 71 >>> dir(s)[:5] ['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', ... Read More