A token is the smallest element of a C++ program that is meaningful to the compiler. The C++ parser recognizes these kinds of tokens: identifiers, keywords, literals, operators, punctuators, and other separators. A stream of these tokens makes up a translation unit. Tokens are usually separated by white space.The parser recognizes keywords, identifiers, literals, operators, and punctuators. Preprocessing tokens(like #include, #define, #if_def, etc.) are used in the preprocessing phases to generate the token stream passed to the compiler. The preprocessing token categories are header names, identifiers, preprocessing numbers, character literals, string literals, etc. that do not match one of the ... Read More

There are several alternatives for compiling C++ on windows. Let's look at 2 of them:GCCTo install GCC on Windows you need to install MinGW. To install MinGW, go to the MinGW homepage, www.mingw.org, and follow the link to the MinGW download page. Download the latest version of the MinGW installation program which should be named MinGW-.exe.While installing MinGW, at a minimum, you must install gcc-core, gcc-g++, Binutils, and the MinGW runtime, but you may wish to install more.Add the bin subdirectory of your MinGW installation to your PATH environment variable so that you can specify these tools on the command ... Read More

Yes a C++ variable be both const and volatile. It is used in situations like a read-only hardware register, or an output of another thread. Volatile means it may be changed by something external to the current thread and Const means that you do not write to it (in that program that is using the const declaration).

C++ is regarded as a middle-level language, as it comprises a combination of both high-level and low-level language features. It is a superset of C, and that virtually any legal C program is a legal C++ program. C++ runs on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, Mac OS, and the various versions of UNIX. Following are some of the features of C++ that make it stand out among other programming languages −Multi-paradigm language − C++ is a language that supports procedural, object-oriented and generic programming. This makes it very versatile.Use of pointers and references − C++ supports pointers and ... Read More

We use the const qualifier to declare a variable as constant. That means that we cannot change the value once the variable has been initialized. Using const has a very big benefit. For example, if you have a constant value like the value of PI, you wouldn't like any part of the program to modify that value. So you should declare that as a const.Objects declared with const-qualified types may be placed in read-only memory by the compiler, and if the address of a const object is never taken in a program, it may not be stored at all.  For ... Read More

The C++ programming language has a history going back to 1979, when Bjarne Stroustrup was doing work for his Ph.D. thesis. He began work on "C with Classes", which as the name implies was meant to be a superset of the C language. His goal was to add object-oriented programming into the C language, which was and still is a language well-respected for its portability without sacrificing speed or low-level functionality.His language included classes, basic inheritance, inlining, default function arguments, and strong type checking in addition to all the features of the C language. The first C with Classes compiler ... Read More

The #define creates a macro, which is the association of an identifier or parameterized identifier with a token string. After the macro is defined, the compiler can substitute the token string for each occurrence of the identifier in the source file.#define identifier token-stringThis is how the preprocessor is used. The #define directive causes the compiler to substitute token-string for each occurrence of identifier in the source file. The identifier is replaced only when it forms a token. That is, identifier is not replaced if it appears in a comment, in a string, or as part of a longer identifier.example#include #define ... Read More

The following is the same for both local and global variables. Basically, whenever you declare a variable, the compiler will call its default constructor unless you specify otherwise.The language level types (e.g. pointers, 'int', 'float', 'bool', etc) "default constructor" does absolutely nothing, it just leaves the memory as it is when it is declared.  This means that they can be pretty much anything because you usually can't be sure what was in that memory previously or even where the memory came from.If you create a class that doesn't have a constructor, the compiler will create one for you which simply ... Read More

There are a lot of versions of the C++ programming language. These versions of the language are implementations of compilers based on specifications constructed by the ISO C++ community, the community that oversees the development of the language. The following are the versions of the language − C++98 (ISO/IEC 14882:1998) is the first edition. C++03 (ISO/IEC 14882:2003) is the second edition. C++11 is the third edition. C++14 is the fourth edition. C++17 is the fifth edition. All of these versions have a lot of differences, mainly additions to the standard library and expansion of APIs. These standards also ... Read More

If you would like an application that works directly with computer hardware or deals with the desktop app development, C++ is an good option. C++ programs include server-side applications, networking, gaming, and even device drivers for your PC. However, if you need to code truly tiny systems, using C will result in less overhead than C++.C++ is well-rounded in terms of platforms and target applications, so if your project is focused on extremely low-level processing, then you may want to use C++. C++ is often used for large-scale, multi-man, complex projects where separate people need to work on modularised components. ... Read More