Introduction Permittivity and permeability are two of the properties of every material that is placed within an electric field or a magnetic field. Although both the properties are related to each other to some extent, the differences between them are too vibrant. Permittivity mostly operates in the formation of an electric field whereas permeability operates in the formation of a magnetic field. In simple words, both are quantities to measure electromagnetism, where permittivity relates to the polarization and permeability relates to the magnetization of materials. What is Permittivity? Permittivity is an electric quantity that decides if a material placed within ... Read More

Introduction The exponential increment of the human population is increasing the demand for natural resources to use in regular life. Natural resources are the key factors that are used for the development of the human lifestyle. Natural resources are inherently occurring materials that are beneficial to humans or could be helpful under possible technological, financial or social circumstances or collections drawn from the world, reserves such as edibles, construction and metals, water and others. In this tutorial, different classes of natural resources, their significance, utility, and standards are available. Information Regarding People's Natural Resources One of the important clauses regarding ... Read More

Introduction Photodiodes are generally recognised as a semiconductor device that has the ability to absorb light energy in order to generate electric current. For this specific reason, such device often has different names like photo sensor or photo-detector. The main purpose of developing such an application is to use these in a reverse-bias condition. Based on this concept, this tutorial is intended to include information regarding the types and applications of photodiodes along with explaining the advantages and disadvantages of it as well. What are Photodiodes? On a very basic note, a photodiode can be defined as a diode that ... Read More

Introduction Special theory of relativity is one of the most important theories in the field of physic. Special relativity describes the relationship between energy and mass. The theory further states that a small amount of mass can be transposable with a huge amount of energy. It is defined by the famous equation $E = mc^{2}$. The special relativity is applied in special cases. The theory is mostly used in the discussion of high energy, astronomical; distance, and ultra-fast speed, all without the complexity of gravity. In 1905, Einstein added gravity to his theories when he published his paper on general ... Read More

Introduction Different types of electronic circuits are used in the operation of the DC voltage, which is very helpful for converting the AC voltage into a DC current system that guides to increase the flow of electricity in the electric circuit as well as in the magnetic field. The p-n junction diode allows the flow of the electric current that if effective to forward the electricity control in the bias condition .As the diode only allows to flow of the electricity in a single direction so to make the electricity flow on both sides rectifiers are used. What is Rectifier? ... Read More

Introduction A significant array of features is needed to be available within a spacecraft to ensure the safety of the crew members. A reliable system is also to be installed within the spacecraft so that it can be operated from any space even from very far from the space. The weight of the system and its equipment are needed to be light. Almost all necessities of an astronaut are to be included also. In case of an emergency, the equipment needs to be used properly. The instruments need to possess the capability of keeping any seek astronaut alive in an ... Read More

Introduction Paramagnetism is demonstrated as the kind of ''magnetism'' through which components are weakly captivated by evidently applied ''magnetic fields''. It forms induced and internal magnetic fields in the administration of the applied field of magnetism. The magnetic phenomenon of an atom possessing more than one unpaired electron is termed Paramagnetism. Unpaired electrons in the magnetic field have a magnetic dipole moment and perform like tiny magnets. What is Paramagnetism? Paramagnetism is defined as a magnetism feature of materials type feebly captivated by powerful magnets. It was named and researched by Michael Faraday, a British scientist in 1845. It is ... Read More

Introduction The advent of stars takes place from a nebula which is a cloud constructed of gas and dust that facilitate factors of temperatures, pressures, density, and others. It is believed that the transformation of hydrogen into helium leads to the formation of stars. In the situation, when starts occur to appear in a certain practice or a gathering, it is known in the universe as a constellation. In this tutorial, the life cycle starts and the formation of the constellation has been described. An overview of stars The primary characteristics of stars can be defined as they are bigger ... Read More

Introduction The act of reflection can be referred to as such kind of phenomenon where the light can be observed to bounce back after being fallen on a particular kind of surface that is considered as the obstacle on the path of the travelling of a ray of light. Based on this concept of physics, the laws of reflection will be discussed in this tutorial. Moreover, the tutorial will include an explanation regarding spectral reflection and diffuse reflection What is specular reflection? Figure 1: Specular reflection The angle of the reflected light is considered similar to the angle of projection ... Read More

Introduction The present tutorial intends to include the explanation regarding the concepts of physics such as escape velocity and orbital velocity along with explaining the relationship that lies between these two concepts. The tutorial will further include the definition of escape velocity and orbital velocity in order to build or exemplify the relation these two concept forms between themselves. Moreover, this tutorial will include an explanation of the formula of relation along with the differences between these concepts behold. What is Escape Velocity? Figure 1: Escape velocity In simple diction, the minimum velocity can define the escape velocity that an ... Read More