Introduction In the field of engineering, measurement is very important. Mostly, we use meter scales for measuring the objects in our daily life. Some objects are very small in size so these cannot be measured by the normal scale. Thus, we need a device that can measure the size, diameter, etc of a very small range. The micrometer is a device that can help us to measure the size or diameter of a ball, wire, or pipe with high accuracy. However, the use of such devices is somewhat confusing because it needs some basic knowledge of small units of lengths ... Read More

Introduction In general, we deal with three dimensions of space that are very common and related to our daily macroscopic life. However, according to Einstein’s theory of relativity, the time coordinate is also effective in our daily life. This fact was coined and proved by scientist Hermann Minkowski. However, the birth of this concept was from the experiment of Poincare that was introduced in 1905 but then it was in a brief or we can say in raw form. Later, in 1908, the concept was explained by Hermann Minkowski. He described that Minkowski’s space as an imaginary space that has ... Read More

Introduction Measurement is the comparison of an unknown quantity with a known value. Measurement is a system of measuring. Measurement is always a numerical value. Measurements include length, mass, volume, temperature, etc. It is associated with geometry, trigonometry, algebra, etc. Units were given to the measured values. Fundamental units for length, mass, and time are m, kg, and sec. There are many methods for measuring length. But the distance between the stars and the distance between the objects in space are done by using triangulation and parallax methods. What do you mean by the length triangulation method? The distance between ... Read More

Introduction We know that everything is made up of matter and the different states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas. The mass and weight of each state of matter are not the same. That is why a precise explanation of mass and weight is necessary. It is important to understand the scientific use and difference between these concepts. What is Mass? The amount of matter contained in a body is known as mass. It is a constant fundamental quantity of the body that remains the same in every place. Ordinary weighing balances are used to measure the mass. ... Read More

Introduction We know that the gas’s large number of molecules are known as particles. The particles move randomly here and there without any alignment and due to this random motion, they strike each other and change their path. When it is not easy to understand the actual paths of moving particles, then we use the concept of mean free path. In the mean free path, the moving particle refers to an atom, a photon, or a molecule. What is a collision? In any instance, when two or more bodies hit each other by exerting force in a short period ... Read More

Introduction All matter around us is made up of molecules. Because these molecules are in motion, each molecule has kinetic energy and static energy due to the gravitational force of other molecules around it. The amount of kinetic energy and static energy is the internal energy of the molecules. When this internal energy flows out of an object, it is called thermal energy. The matter is a term we use to refer to all things in the universe. Everything around us is matter. The air we breathe, the food we eat, the pen we write with, a cloud, stones, plants, ... Read More

Introduction Maxwell’s contributions to the fields of science span more than a single topic. The equations named after him in electrodynamics form the fundamentals of the topic, while his work on color theory is still regarded as ground-breaking. Indeed, Maxwell presented the first-ever color photography demonstration in 1861. Maxwell’s relations in thermodynamics also carry immense significance. In this article, we will discuss what these relations are, and how they can be derived. What Are Maxwell Relations? Simply put, Maxwell’s relations are a set of equations that relate the derivative of different thermodynamic quantities under different scenarios. They can be arrived ... Read More

Introduction If you have spent some time around the concepts of electrodynamics, chances are that you have already come across Maxwell’s equations in one form or another. Even if you didn’t know what they were called at the time, they still must have found their way into your concepts. Maxwell’s equations form the fundamentals of electrodynamics. Along with the Lorentz Force Law, these four equations form the basis of electrodynamics, and every single problem can be tackled using these five equations alone. In this tutorial, we will discuss displacement current and Maxwell’s equations. What Is Displacement Current? You must ... Read More

Introduction In thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, we often study gas molecules inside a container. In such a case, it is impossible to study each molecule separately. Indeed, even in a single mL of gas, there are almost an uncountable number of gas molecules. Thus, instead of working with individual molecules, we focus on them as a system. When we work with systems, we describe them by picking a range of velocities and trying to figure out the possible number of molecules that are moving with that velocity. This is where Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution comes in handy. What Is Macrostate? To understand ... Read More

Introduction Measurement denotes the comparison of an unknown quantity with a known quantity. It is the measure of quantity. Length, mass, time, electric current, temperature, amount of substance, and luminous intensity are the seven fundamental quantities. There are many systems of units used such as the KGS system, CGS system, and International SI system. Different systems assign different units for basic elements. If the quantity has only magnitude then it is called a scalar quantity. Example mass, distance, time, etc. If the quantity has both direction and magnitude then it is called a vector quantity. Example velocity, displacement, force, etc. ... Read More