Introduction Spintronics mainly refers to the study that deals with nuclear's role. It can also be called the role of an electron in a solid-state. This electronic device exploits the properties of spin along with the freedom of charge degrees. It is also named spin Flextronics. This kind of technology intrinsically studies the spin of electrons and it can be seen that magnetic moment is also associated with it. What is Spintronics? It is a great technological device and it is known as the spin electrons. The study is related to the intrinsic spin of the electron. The ... Read More

Angular Momentum The property of any rotating body given by moment of inertia times angular velocity is defined as angular momentum. That is, it is the property of a rotating body given by the product of the rotating object's moment of inertia and angular velocity. It is obvious that this is a vector quantity; in addition to magnitude, the direction is taken into account. Any object or body moving with mass has momentum, and angular momentum is the property that characterises the rotary inertia of an object or system of objects in motion around an axis that may or may ... Read More

Introduction Physical qualities such as malleability, phase, texture, colour, polarity, solubility, and others let us distinguish the components around us. But, as we all know, another major classification of elements is based on their electric charge conductivity, i.e. (1) Conductors and (2) Insulators. Conductors An electrical conductor is described as a material that allows electricity to flow freely through it. Conductivity is the property of conductors that allows them to conduct electricity. The electric current is the flow of electrons in a conductor. Voltage is the force required to make that current flow through the conductor. When a charge is ... Read More

Introduction The changes in the surface's nature can cause differences in the reflection of light. The rectilinear propagation takes place at the time in which the light travels in a straight line. In this method, no interference is there within the light's traveling route. The course of a light changes as it travels from one medium to another. The medium can be of different components such as air, water, as well as glass. The reflection of light and its nature is dependent on these factors. What is Rectilinear Propagation Reflection of Light? It is proven that light travels in a ... Read More

Introduction In accordance with a general conceptualisation, spectral series are referred to as a set of parallel lines that represent uniform speed and distance. In such cases, it has been observed that the wavelength of light can create a significant impact on the wavelength of these spectral lines. Based on this basic conviction, the present tutorial will define the spectral series of Hydrogen atoms. Moreover, the tutorial will include the formation of the spectral series along with the explanation of the Rydberg formula. Spectral Series: Definition Figure 1: Spectral series The easiest way of understanding the principle of the ... Read More

Introduction Radio waves that have the longest wavelength can be found in the electromagnetic spectrum. The waves have a frequency between 300 GHz (high) to 3 kHz (low) and sometimes are defined as microwaves that are above 3 GHz. Radio waves have a wavelength of 1 mm at a frequency of 300 GHz and 100 km at a frequency of 3 kHz (Mascoop et al. 2021). Like all other waves, electromagnetic radio waves also moves like light’s speed. The radio waves are formed by all naturally occurring phenomena like astronomical objects and lighting. The radio waves that ... Read More

Introduction We know that liquids like water carry electric currents due to the presence of salt in them. We get water from natural sources like rivers, lakes, and streams. Minerals are present in this water. They are nothing but salts that carry electric current. Let's understand the concept of conductivity before studying the conductivity of water. Conductivity of Water Conductivity is the ability of a material to pass the electric current through it. The conductivity of water is the measurement of the capacity of ions present in water to pass electric flow. The conductivity of water depends on the concentration ... Read More

Introduction Hippolyte Marié-Davy first discovered the instrument, the periscope, for naval purposes during the second half of the nineteenth century. The word periscope has arrived from the association of two words, "peri" and "scope", where peri means "around" and scope means "viewing instrument". However, during the 15th century, it is said that Johannes Gutenberg, has invented the periscope in order to look above people's heads during a parade. Later this technique was applied for better navigation in submarines. Definition of Periscope A periscope is defined as an optical apparatus that basically follows the shape of a tube, and which has ... Read More

Introduction Reactance refers necessarily to the inertia that opposes the electron’s motions in the circuit of electricity. That means the attribute of the electron’s flow in the electric circuit. Reactance is denoted with the “R” symbol and it is measured in the unit of an ohm (Ω) which is a Greek symbol (Seghir et al. 2018). Reactance (x) is a combination of Inductive (XL) and Capacitive (Xc). The formula of Reactance to measure Inductive and Capacitive is X = XL + Xc. In terms, the phase is presented as “X = R + j X” ... Read More

Introduction Electricity is the movement of electrons from one point to another point in a conductor. Conduction of electricity takes place in all three states of matter such as solid, liquid, and gas. The mechanism of conduction of electricity in liquid is different than in solid. We will try to understand the conduction of electricity in liquid by studying an example of pure water. How Does Liquid Conduct Electricity? Pure water is a bad conductor of electricity. Then how does it conduct electric current? We have to add salts in pure water for conduction. Let us take an example of ... Read More