Introduction At the molecular level, studying different materials is the job of a material scientist. These scientists study, research, and develop new materials which help shape modern industries. Depending on properties, composition, and other factors, all materials in this world are divided into various types and classes. Polymers are a very interesting class of materials or substances that can be termed omnipresent. The term polymer is used to refer to substances whose molecules are large and consist of a large number of repeating portions or subunits. From natural presence in the human body to synthetic development over the years, polymers ... Read More

Introduction Every matter in the universe is made up of molecules. So, many atoms contain both positively charged and negatively charged. This force of attraction is known as a chemical bond. This bonding occurs due to electrostatic force between oppositely charged ions or by sharing of electrons. Formerly called ionic bond and later called a covalent bond. The polarity of the molecules depends upon the bonding between them. The movement of the charged particles is responsible for electric energy. Energy obtained from the kinetic energy or potential energy of the charged particles is the electric energy. Charged particles are atoms, ... Read More

Introduction The classification of science is not limited to the umbrella branches of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology. Instead, even under these branches, we have hundreds of subbranches based on various factors like areas of application, concepts concerned, concepts studied, etc. Classification is important since it makes advanced studies easier. For example, up till high school, you study the umbrella branches of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology. But the concepts taught at this level are simple and limited. When you go to the graduate or postgraduate level, your syllabus is advanced, and therefore, you cannot study two branches at once. Instead, ... Read More

Introduction Initially, electricity and magnetism were treated as separate subjects. In a later period due to the contribution of Oersted, Faraday, Maxwell, etc., it evolved as a unified subject. The current-carrying wire creates a magnetic field around it. Faraday through his experiments showed that current can be produced even if there are no batteries in the circuit. The change in the magnetic field can produce a current in the circuit. This result is known as electromagnetic induction. Maxwell tried to write all the main equations of electricity and magnetism in a unified and compact manner. These equations are known as ... Read More

Introduction Whenever a magnet is kept in a magnetic field it suffers force. A magnetic field is a physical field to describe the effect on magnetic materials. The uniformity of the magnetic field has a particular effect on the dipoles in its vicinity. It is very important to learn about the nature of forces and torque acting on the dipole and further understand the reason behind it. On another interesting note, the analogous relation of the magnetic dipole in the magnetic field with the electric dipole in the electric field shall also be derived and pondered upon. What is ... Read More

Introduction The damping in very simple words is an opposing influence on the motion of any object. Electromagnetic damping is deeply related to the concept of electromagnetic induction, hence it is very important to learn about the induction of electro-motive force (emf) in the first place. Through this tutorial, we shall discuss why the induced currents ( eddy currents) are formed and how they influence the motion of the object or the conductor. The relation and proportionality of electromagnetic damping with various factors like the strength of the magnetic field, the velocity of the object, induced current value, etc is ... Read More

Introduction Karl Friedrich Gauss is widely regarded as one of the greatest mathematicians of all time. Some consider him to be the greatest.Gauss discovered a way to think about Coulomb's law that allows us to calculate the electric field of charge distributions in a straightforward manner. Although Gauss did not discover a new physical law, his restatement of Coulomb's law was equally important. In this tutorial we will describe about electric flux, concept of eclectic flux, the flux of electric field, unit and dimensional formula of electric flux. To comprehend Gauss' law, we must first grasp the concept of ... Read More

Introduction Atoms are a basic unit of material. According to the Bohr atom model atoms contain a small central core called a nucleus which is full of positive charges. Electrons are round about the nucleus in a particular circle named orbits. The circular path is maintained by the centripetal force derived from the electrostatic force between the electrons and the nucleus. Radiation is a process of transmission of energy from one object to another through the medium or space. It can be ionizing or non-ionizing, which depends upon the energy of the radiation. Ionizing radiation has an energy of ... Read More

Introduction You are use electronics in your daily life from every small object to a big machine. The device by which you are reading this article is also a part of electronics. Electronics is a vast field that contains a huge amount of components like conductors, switches, circuits, diodes, processors, inductors, resistors, etc. All these components have important features to develop this field to more extant. Simply, when we study charges, current, electric or magnetic field, etc. actually we are working with electronics. What are Electronics? Electronics is a part or branch of science in physics and technology portion. ... Read More

Introduction We know that the structure of atoms is the same as the solar system. In the solar system, the sun is the center and other planets revolve around it in a definite path same as The atom nucleus at the center and electrons revolve around it. However, we found that planets also rotate at their fixed position. This discovery leads to the rotation and spinning of electrons at a fixed position. That’s why scientists started to research and found that electrons also rotate. In 1925 two scientists Goutsmit and Ulhenbeck derived the idea that an electron also has angular ... Read More