Introduction Every matter in the universe is composed of tiny particles called molecules. They attract each other with some attractive force. There exists an intermolecular force of attraction between molecules. Every object in the universe cannot move without external force. If force is applied to the object. It will be stored inside and then released in the form of work. What do you mean by Energy Consideration? Energy consideration gives the relation between the force applied and the energy needed for applying the force. Lenz’s law is stable with the law of conservation of momentum. While discussing the energy ... Read More

Introduction Atomic and molecular physics involve the study of atoms, molecules, and their properties. Over the years, increasingly advanced techniques have become available to us. These techniques aid us in the characterization of atoms and molecules. While the responsibility of studying chemical properties lies with the chemical scientist, physicists study the quantum mechanics of atoms and molecules and try to describe their energy levels, spin-orbit coupling, and various other properties. In this tutorial, we will study a beautiful method of studying elements that involve focusing on their emission spectra. The wavelengths visible in emission spectra can be equated via formulae ... Read More

Introduction Electronics have two types of studies; one is when the charge is at rest and another one is when the charge is in motion. Now, what is the charge? A charge is a property of an elementary particle because of which these particles exert or experience a force of attraction or repulsion. Charges are of two types, positive and negative. Also, there is a natural feature or property according to this we can say that when two same charges have equal magnitude but are equal in nature they will repel each other and vice versa. Hence, like repel like ... Read More

Introduction The electric field is a property of charge at rest. The field has a nature whether it is positive or negative, but if it is positive it will repel all positive charges and vice versa. The field may be strong or weak depending on the strength of the charge. However, it can be useful if we want to prevent a system from the external impact of any other field. The electric field of charge at the surface will protect the system inside the surface. We have lots of simple examples of electrostatic shielding like chains hanging on the back ... Read More

Introduction The field of electrostatics dates back to 600 BC. People then already knew about electricity due to the action of friction. But the mathematical formulation of this field of physics happened in the late 18th century with the advent of Coulomb's law of electrostatics. Then the field of electrostatics emerged as a formal field of study. Later with the discovery of Maxwell's equations, it was found that the electric and magnetic fields are two sides of the same coin. In this tutorial, we will ponder the basic electrostatic properties of the conductors and the reasons behind them in ... Read More

Introduction Light is represented by an Electromagnetic Wave (EMW), where it travels by oscillating electric and magnetic field intensities simultaneously. Here, the electric field will be perpendicular to the magnetic field and vice versa. Not only that, these two components together oscillate perpendicular to the direction of propagation of light waves. Mainly, oscillations due to electric fields in a plane are considered for the light as electromagnetic waves when compared to magnetic fields. Hence, light electromagnetic waves are also called transverse waves. Since the atoms that produce EMW can vibrate or oscillate in all directions, it will be difficult to ... Read More

Introduction In the history of physics, the composition of matter was always a central question. The question “What is the universe made of?” is baffling scientists since ancient times. At the beginning of the 20th century, several experiments were carried out by the physicists like Thomson, Rutherford, etc. They found that an atom is made is not indivisible, and it is made of smaller particles. Slowly, it became clear that the atom consists of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Protons and neutrons reside in the nucleus and the electrons revolve around it. In the 1930s, many physicists thought that the problem ... Read More

Introduction Electricity and magnetism were initially separate subjects. Electricity was related to the charges and magnetism was related to the magnetic materials only. However in the 19th century a Danish physicist, Oersted demonstrated that there is a relation between these two. He found that electric current can create a magnetic field around them. Michael Faraday the British experimental scientist reported one interesting phenomenon. He found that if we move a magnet around a coil connected to a galvanometer, we see deflection in that. The presence of the current in the circuit in such cases implies that an electromotive force gets ... Read More

Introduction Every matter in the universe is composed of tiny particles called molecules. They attract each other with some attractive force. There exists an intermolecular force of attraction between molecules. Based on the force of attraction between the molecules, matters are classified into five categories. They are solid, liquid, gas, plasma, and Bose-Einstein. Solids are the matter in which the distance between the molecules is very small and they are tightly bound to each other. Liquids are matter having molecules at a small distance and they bound less tightly than solids. What is Elasticity? When a force is applied ... Read More

Introduction Every matter in the universe is composed of tiny particles called molecules. They attract each other with some attractive force. There exists an intermolecular force of attraction between molecules. Based on the force of attraction between the molecules, matter are classified into five categories. They are solid, liquid, gas, plasma, and Bose-Einstein. Solids are matter in which the distance between the molecules is very small and they are tightly bound to each other.What is Elasticity? When a force is applied to a body it gets deformed. If the body regains its original shape after the removal of force from ... Read More