PagingPaging is a memory management technique in which process address space is broken into blocks of the same size called pages (size is power of 2, between 512 bytes and 8192 bytes). The size of the process is measured in the number of pages. Similarly, main memory is divided into small fixed-sized blocks of (physical) memory called frames and the size of a frame is kept the same as that of a page to have optimum utilization of the main memory and to avoid external fragmentation.Similarly, main memory is divided into small fixed-sized blocks of (physical) memory called frames and ... Read More

Both operating system and Kernel are types of system software. The basic difference between the two is that an operating system is a system software that acts as the interface between the users and the machine, while a kernel is a part of the operating system that converts user commands into machine language. Read through this article to find out more about operating systems and kernels and how they are different from each other. What is an Operating System? Operating System manages a computer and acts as an interface between user and computer. Operating system is the first program that ... Read More

When a user presses the power button on their computer, it initiates the process known as "booting, " which loads and starts the operating system. Booting can also be thought of as a series of actions where the ROM of the computer is accessed in order to load the startup instructions. After that, the operating system is loaded from the disc that is now being used to boot the computer.A primary option for the boot disc is frequently the local hard drive. The process of booting the computer is finished when the operating system is loaded; at this point, the ... Read More

LinuxLinux is an open source multi-tasking, multi-user operating system. It was initially developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991. Linux OS is widely used in desktops, mobiles, mainframes etc.UnixUnix is multi-tasking, multi-user operating system but is not free to use and is not open source. It was developed in 1969 by Ken Thompson team at AT&T Bell Labs. It is widely used on servers, workstations etc. Following are the important differences between Linux and Unix.Following are the important difference between Linux and Unix.Sr. No.KeyLinuxUnix1DevelopmentLinux is open source and is developed by Linux community of developers.Unix was developed by AT&T Bell labs ... Read More

Here we will see the md5sum command in Linux system. The MD5 is one of the Message Digest algorithm, that generates hash values to create checksum for the messages. It helps to identify if the integrity is maintained or not. Here we will see some example of md5sum command in Linux system.If we use this command on a string, it will generate a hash value, if we create some minor change in the text, it will generate massive change in the checksum.Examplesh-4.4$ echo 'Hello World' Hello World sh-4.4$ echo 'Hello World' | md5sum e59ff97941044f85df5297e1c302d260 - sh-4.4$If we change the content ... Read More

Introduction The Linux operating system is based on a robust set of command line tools that allow users to easily manage and control the system. One of the most powerful and widely used command line utilities is the "diff" command. The "diff" command in Linux is used to compare the contents of two files line by line and show the difference between them. This command-line utility is essential for developers and system administrators to identify changes to code or configuration files. In this article, we'll take a closer look at the diff command and its various options and usage scenarios. ... Read More

lsblk command is used to display a list of information about all available block devices. However, it does not give a list of information about RAM disks. Examples of block devices are hard disk, flash drives, CD-ROM. This article explains about how to find a list of block devices in Linux Machine.To install lsblk for Fedora and CentOS ,use the following command –$ sudo yum install util-linux-ngTo install lsblk for Ubuntu and Linux Mint ,use the following command –$ sudo apt-get install util-linux -yTo find the default list of all blocks, use the following command –$ lsblkThe sample output should be like ... Read More

nslookup is a network administration command-line tool available for many computer operating systems for querying Domain Name System (DNS) to obtain domain name or IP address mapping or for any other specific DNS record. This article explains about nslookup command in detail. Nslookup can be run in two modes, Interactive and Non-Interactive. The Interactive mode is used to query DNS-Server about various domains and hosts. Non-Interactive mode is used to query about information of a domain or host.To find out Find out “A” record (IP address) of Domain, use the following command –$ sudo nslookup tutorialspoint.comThe sample output should be ... Read More

In this article, we will learn about the ‘date’ command in Linux and how to practically use the ‘date’ command in day-to-day usage with some practical examples. The ‘date’ command is used to print or to change the system date and time.General Syntax[root@localhost ~]# date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] [root@localhost ~]# date [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]The Date Command has the following UsagesWe can print date and time on the systemWe can display the date and time in the given format.We can read the date from the fileWe can display the Universal time.We can set the system date and time.Displaying the Date and Time from ... Read More

People who have been using windows operating system usually encounter persistent messages to upgrade to Windows 10. The good news is that, upgrading to Windows 10 is now free. But in case of Apple, it allows its users to upgrade to newest operating system for free at any point. If users delay, they might land themselves in trouble as Windows is taking a very different approach.All those who have not upgraded their system to Windows 10 by June 29, 2016, they need to spend about $119. And those who consider, the cost of upgradation is more than they can handle. ... Read More